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A partial nephrectomy should be attempted when there is a kidney tumor in a solitary kidney, when there are kidney tumors in both kidneys, or when removing the entire kidney could result in kidney failure and the need for dialysis. Partial nephrectomy is also the standard of care for nearly all patients with small renal masses (<4 cm in size). [22]
Compared to other common types of RCC, PRCC exhibits a relatively lower risk of tumor recurrence and cancer-related death after nephrectomy. [48] Specifically, the cancer-specific survival rate at five years following surgery with PRCC has reached up to 91%, while clear cell RCC and chromophobe RCC were 72% and 88%, respectively. [46]
Nephron-sparing partial nephrectomy is used when the tumor is small (less than 4 cm in diameter) or when the patient has other medical concerns such as diabetes or hypertension. [10] The partial nephrectomy involves the removal of the affected tissue only, sparing the rest of the kidney, Gerota's fascia and the regional lymph nodes.
Diagram showing before and after a partial nephrectomy. Date: 30 July 2014 (released by CRUK) Source: Original email from CRUK: Author: Cancer Research UK: Permission (Reusing this file) This image has been released as part of an open knowledge project by Cancer Research UK. If re-used, attribute to Cancer Research UK / Wikimedia Commons
Diagram showing before and after a radical nephrectomy. Date: 30 July 2014 (released by CRUK) Source: Original email from CRUK: Author: Cancer Research UK: Permission (Reusing this file) This image has been released as part of an open knowledge project by Cancer Research UK. If re-used, attribute to Cancer Research UK / Wikimedia Commons
Patient in a symphysiotomy hammock after surgery, 1907. Symphysiotomy results in a temporary increase in pelvic diameter (up to 2 centimetres (0.79 in)) by surgically dividing the ligaments of the symphysis under local anaesthesia. This procedure should be carried out only in combination with vacuum extraction. [10]
Colectomy (col-+ -ectomy) is the surgical removal of any extent of the colon, the longest portion of the large bowel.Colectomy may be performed for prophylactic, curative, or palliative reasons.
Partial orchiectomy, also known as testis-sparing surgery, is another treatment option for smaller testicular masses which is becoming widely popular in recent years. This treatment option is an alternative to remove testicular cancer masses which are <20 mm, have a high probability of being benign, and with negative serum tumor markers.