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Chloroquine retinopathy is a form of toxic retinopathy (damage of the retina) caused by the drugs chloroquine or hydroxychloroquine, which are sometimes used in the treatment of autoimmune disorders such as rheumatoid arthritis and systemic lupus erythematosus. This eye toxicity limits long-term use of the drugs. [3]
Other uses include treatment of rheumatoid arthritis, lupus, and porphyria cutanea tarda. It is taken by mouth, often in the form of hydroxychloroquine sulfate. [3] Common side effects may include vomiting, headache, blurred vision, and muscle weakness. [3] Severe side effects may include allergic reactions, retinopathy, and irregular heart rate.
Serious side effects include problems with vision, muscle damage, seizures, and low blood cell levels. [ 1 ] [ 4 ] Chloroquine is a member of the drug class 4-aminoquinoline . [ 1 ] As an antimalarial, it works against the asexual form of the malaria parasite in the stage of its life cycle within the red blood cell . [ 1 ]
Hydroxychloroquine is more commonly available than chloroquine in the United States. [13] Hydroxychloroquine is used as a prophylactic in India. [24] [25] Hydroxychloroquine and chloroquine have numerous, potentially serious, side effects, such as retinopathy, hypoglycemia, or life-threatening arrhythmia and cardiomyopathy. [26]
In particular, quinoline-type drugs are known to be ototoxic. Examples include chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine which are quinine-like. Apart from antimalarial effects, these drugs are also used in the treatment of other diseases such as dermatological, immunological, rheumatological, and severe infectious diseases. [25]
In this case, both the therapeutic and toxic targets are the same. To avoid toxicity during treatment, many times the drug needs to be changed to target a different aspect of the illness or symptoms. Statins are an example of a drug class that can have toxic effects at the therapeutic target (HMG CoA reductase). [1]
Sodium aurothiomalate (INN, known in the United States as gold sodium thiomalate) is a gold compound that is used for its immunosuppressive anti-rheumatic effects. [ 2 ] [ 3 ] Along with an orally-administered gold salt, auranofin , it is one of only two gold compounds currently employed in modern medicine.
An unusual side effect of digoxin is a disturbance of color vision (mostly yellow and green) called xanthopsia. Vincent van Gogh's "Yellow Period" may have somehow been influenced by concurrent digitalis therapy. Other oculotoxic effects of digoxin include generalized blurry vision, as well as seeing a "halo" around each point of light.