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Compound verbs, a highly visible feature of Hindi–Urdu grammar, consist of a verbal stem plus a light verb. The light verb (also called "subsidiary", "explicator verb", and "vector" [ 55 ] ) loses its own independent meaning and instead "lends a certain shade of meaning" [ 56 ] to the main or stem verb, which "comprises the lexical core of ...
Hindi-Urdu, also known as Hindustani, has three noun cases (nominative, oblique, and vocative) [1] [2] and five pronoun cases (nominative, accusative, dative, genitive, and oblique). The oblique case in pronouns has three subdivisions: Regular, Ergative , and Genitive .
Hindustani is extremely rich in complex verbs formed by the combinations of noun/adjective and a verb. Complex verbs are of two types: transitive and intransitive. [3]The transitive verbs are obtained by combining nouns/adjectives with verbs such as karnā 'to do', lenā 'to take', denā 'to give', jītnā 'to win' etc.
/x/, /ɣ/, /z/, and /q/ are mostly replaced by /kʰ/, /g/, /d͡ʒ/, and /k/ in Hindi respectively, except in the careful speech of educated speakers. [ 24 ] [ 25 ] [ 26 ] /ʒ/ is found in Urdu and is rarer in Hindi, often being replaced with /z/ (or further by /d͡ʒ/ ) in the latter; an example of a word containing this sound is aždahā [əʒ ...
It was developed and in regular use by the 8th century CE [7] and achieved its modern form by 1000 CE. [10] The Devanāgarī script, composed of 48 primary characters, including 14 vowels and 34 consonants, [ 11 ] is the fourth most widely adopted writing system in the world, [ 12 ] [ 13 ] being used for over 120 languages.
Hinglish refers to the non-standardised Romanised Hindi used online, and especially on social media. In India, Romanised Hindi is the dominant form of expression online. In an analysis of YouTube comments, Palakodety et al., identified that 52% of comments were in Romanised Hindi, 46% in English, and 1% in Devanagari Hindi. [21]
These Persian and Arabic loanwords form 25% of Urdu's vocabulary. [10] [23] As a form of Hindustani and a member of the Western Hindi category of Indo-Aryan languages, [22] 75% of Urdu words have their etymological roots in Sanskrit and Prakrit, [10] [24] [25] and approximately 99% of Urdu verbs have their roots in Sanskrit and Prakrit. [23] [26]
The daṇḍa marks the end of a sentence or line, comparable to a full stop (period) as commonly used in the Latin alphabet, and is used together with Western punctuation in Hindi and Nepali. The daṇḍa and double daṇḍa are the only punctuation used in Sanskrit texts. [ 2 ]