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A plasmid is a small, extrachromosomal DNA molecule within a cell that is physically separated from chromosomal DNA and can replicate independently. They are most commonly found as small circular, double-stranded DNA molecules in bacteria ; however, plasmids are sometimes present in archaea and eukaryotic organisms .
The diagram shows the effects of nicks on intersecting DNA in a twisted plasmid. Nicking can be used to dissipate the energy held up by intersecting states. The nicks allow the DNA to take on a circular shape. [2] The diagram shows the effects of nicks on intersecting DNA forms. A plasmid is tightly wound into a negative supercoil (a).
Circular DNA is DNA that forms a closed loop and has no ends. Examples include: Plasmids, mobile genetic elements; cccDNA, formed by some viruses inside cell nuclei; Circular bacterial chromosomes; Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA), and that of other plastids; Extrachromosomal circular DNA (eccDNA)
Rolling circle replication produces multiple copies of a single circular template. Rolling circle replication (RCR) is a process of unidirectional nucleic acid replication that can rapidly synthesize multiple copies of circular molecules of DNA or RNA, such as plasmids, the genomes of bacteriophages, and the circular RNA genome of viroids.
conjugative - mediate DNA transfer through conjugation and therefore spread rapidly among the bacterial cells of a population; e.g., F plasmid, many R and some col plasmids. nonconjugative - do not mediate DNA through conjugation, e.g., many R and col plasmids. The pBR322 plasmid is one of the first plasmids widely used as a cloning vector.
Drawing showing the difference between a circular DNA chromosome (a plasmid) with a secondary helical twist only, and one containing an additional tertiary superhelical twist superimposed on the secondary helical winding. In nature, circular DNA is always isolated as a higher-order helix-upon-a-helix, known as a superhelix. In discussions of ...
Unless supercoiled DNA markers are used, the size of a circular DNA like plasmid therefore may be more accurately gauged after it has been linearized by restriction digest. DNA damage due to increased cross-linking will also reduce electrophoretic DNA migration in a dose-dependent way. [7] [8]
The mobile plasmid is nicked and a single strand of DNA is then transferred to the recipient cell. Both cells synthesize a complementary strand to produce a double stranded circular plasmid and also reproduce pili; both cells are now viable donor for the F-factor. [1]