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Typical transformer insertion loss measurements are taken at 1,000 Hz to optimize the transformer's specifications. [4] Using this method, typical insertion losses are about 1 dB, a 20% power loss. Most of the power in voice-application audio systems is below 400 Hz, meaning that insertion loss at lower frequencies would be greater.
In case the two measurement ports use the same reference impedance, the insertion loss is defined as: [1] [2]= | |. Here is one of the scattering parameters.Insertion loss is the extra loss produced by the introduction of the DUT between the 2 reference planes of the measurement.
The extra loss may be due to intrinsic loss in the DUT and/or mismatch. In case of extra loss the insertion loss is defined to be positive. The negative of insertion loss expressed in decibels is defined as insertion gain and is equal to the scalar logarithmic gain (see: definition above).
The insertion loss is not such a problem for an unequal split of power: for instance -40 dB at port 3 has an insertion loss less than 0.2 dB at port 2. Isolation can be improved at the expense of insertion loss at both output ports by replacing the output resistors with T pads. The isolation improvement is greater than the insertion loss added ...
Combine, hairpin, parallel-coupled line, step impedance and stub impedance are the designs of experimenting the band pass filter to achieve low insertion loss with a compact size. [5] The necessity of adopting asymmetric frequency response is in behalf of reducing the number of resonators, insertion loss, size and cost of circuit production.
The equations above find the impedance and loss for an attenuator with given resistor values. The usual requirement in a design is the other way around – the resistor values for a given impedance and loss are needed. These can be found by transposing and substituting the last two equations above; If = =
For example, C 1 shunt = G 1, L 2 series = G 2, ... or L 1 shunt = G 1, C 1 series = G 2, ... Note that when G 1 is a shunt capacitor or series inductor, G 0 corresponds to the input resistance or conductance, respectively. The same relationship holds for G n+1 and G n. The resulting circuit is a normalized low-pass filter.
One simply needs to know the input impedance R p and to choose the output impedance R s. Or conversely know R s and choose R p. Keep in mind that R p must be larger than R s. Because reactance is frequency dependent the L network will only transform the impedances at one frequency. Inclusion of two L networks back to back creates what is known ...