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  2. English prepositions - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_prepositions

    For example, owing to and out of are listed as prepositions, but according to, because of, and instead of are treated as adverb + preposition. Modern descriptive grammars have tended to extend the category of complex prepositions, and there is accordingly some variation in dictionary practice, depending on how far they are influenced by such work.

  3. English relative words - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_relative_words

    Why refers primarily to reasons. [2]: 1051 As a fused relative, and in some nonstandard English dialects more widely, what is general purpose (other than for persons), and how refers to method. More or less archaic and formal compounds of where and a preposition: [2]: 1046, 1051–1052 [c]

  4. Causal reasoning - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Causal_reasoning

    Causal reasoning is the process of identifying causality: the relationship between a cause and its effect.The study of causality extends from ancient philosophy to contemporary neuropsychology; assumptions about the nature of causality may be shown to be functions of a previous event preceding a later one.

  5. Part of speech - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Part_of_speech

    Preposition (relates) a word that relates words to each other in a phrase or sentence and aids in syntactic context (in, of). Prepositions show the relationship between a noun or a pronoun with another word in the sentence. Conjunction (connects) a syntactic connector; links words, phrases, or clauses (and, but). Conjunctions connect words or ...

  6. English grammar - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_grammar

    For example, the noun aerobics has given rise to the adjective aerobicized. [3] Words combine to form phrases. A phrase typically serves the same function as a word from some particular word class. [3] For example, my very good friend Peter is a phrase that can be used in a sentence as if it were a noun, and is therefore called a noun phrase.

  7. Four causes - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Four_causes

    For example, the efficient cause of a table is a carpenter, or a person working as one, and according to Aristotle the efficient cause of a child is a parent. Final, end, or purpose The final cause of a change or movement. This is a change or movement for the sake of a thing to be what it is.

  8. Causal inference - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Causal_inference

    Causal inference is the process of determining the independent, actual effect of a particular phenomenon that is a component of a larger system. The main difference between causal inference and inference of association is that causal inference analyzes the response of an effect variable when a cause of the effect variable is changed.

  9. Causal notation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Causal_notation

    In this example, the fact that it is sunny and there is a light intensity , causes the stone to rise (), not the other way around; lifting the stone (increasing ()) will not result in turning on the sun to illuminate the solar panel (an increase in ).