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The left superior vena cava is not shown in this image. In anatomy , a persistent left superior vena cava is the most common variation of the thoracic venous system . [ 1 ] [ 2 ] It is present in between 0.3% and 0.5% of the population, [ 3 ] [ 4 ] [ 5 ] and is an embryologic remnant that results from a failure to involute .
A gel is used with the probe to make a good acoustic impedance contact. The training and expertise of the examiner is important because of the many technical complications that can present. Venous anatomy, for example, is not constant; for example, a patient's vein layout of the right limb is not identical to that of the left limb. [citation ...
Chronic venous insufficiency (CVI) is a medical condition characterized by blood pooling in the veins, leading to increased pressure and strain on the vein walls. [1] The most common cause of CVI is superficial venous reflux, which often results in the formation of varicose veins, a treatable condition. [2]
The signs and symptoms of NCS are all derived from the outflow obstruction of the left renal vein. The compression causes renal vein hypertension, leading to hematuria (which can lead to anemia) [4] and abdominal pain (classically left flank or pelvic pain). [5] The abdominal pain may improve or worsen depending on positioning. [5]
The oblique vein of the left atrium (oblique vein of Marshall) is a small vein which descends obliquely on the back of the left atrium and ends in the coronary sinus near its left extremity; it is continuous above with the ligament of the left vena cava (vestigial fold of Marshall), and the two structures form the remnant of the left Cuvierian duct.
Pulmonary vein stenosis can be congenital or acquired. [6]A rare abnormality that accounts for 0.4% of congenital heart diseases, congenital pulmonary vein stenosis results from the common right or left pulmonary vein failing to integrate into the left atrium (LA) during the vessel's embryonic development, obliterating the pulmonary veins partially or completely on one or both sides.
Veins of the leg. Common femoral vein shown, in common usage but not listed in TA. The femoral vein continues into the thigh as the continuation from the popliteal vein at the back of the knee. It drains blood from the deep thigh muscles and thigh bone. [2] Proximal to the confluence with the deep femoral vein, and the joining of the great ...
The internal jugular vein is visualised when looking for the pulsation. In healthy people, the filling level of the jugular vein should be less than 4 centimetres vertical height above the sternal angle. [2] A pen-light can aid in discerning the jugular filling level by providing tangential light. [3]