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The peace institutionalised the Catholic, Lutheran, Calvinist religious divide in Germany, with populations either converting, or moving to areas controlled by rulers of their own faith. One authority puts France's losses against Austria at 80,000 killed or wounded and against Spain (including the years 1648–1659, after Westphalia) at 300,000 ...
The Peace of God was first proclaimed in 989 at the Council of Charroux.It sought to protect ecclesiastical property, agricultural resources, and unarmed clerics. [6] After the collapse of the Carolingian Empire in the ninth century, the areas formerly under its control degenerated into many small counties and lordships, in which local lords and knights frequently fought each other for control.
Coogan argues that the story of Ehud was probably a folk tale of local origin that was edited by the Deuteronomistic historians. [11] The Deuteronomistic historians "incorporated a variety of previously existing sources into their narrative of life in early Israel" [11] and the story of Ehud is one such example of a "previously existing source", [11] that has been edited to include "the ...
Protestant Europe was largely divided into Lutheran and Reformed (Calvinist) areas, with the Church of England maintaining a separate position. Efforts to unify Lutherans and Calvinists had little success; and the ecumenical ambition to overcome the schism of the Protestant Reformation remained almost entirely theoretical.
The Thirty Years' War, [j] from 1618 to 1648, was one of the most destructive conflicts in European history.Fought primarily in Central Europe, an estimated 4.5 to 8 million soldiers and civilians died from the effects of battle, famine, or disease, while parts of Germany reported population declines of over 50%. [19]
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The Polish self-image as a "Christ among nations" or the martyr of Europe can be traced back to its history of Christendom and suffering under invasions. [12] During the periods of foreign occupation, the Catholic Church served as a bastion of Poland's national identity and language, and the major promoter of Polish culture. [13]
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