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Weaker forms of physical causal closure are synonymous with the causal completeness, [6] the notion that "Every physical effect that has a sufficient cause has a sufficient physical cause." [ 5 ] That is, weaker forms allow that in addition to physical causes, there may be other kinds of causes for physical events.
Kim has raised an objection based on causal closure and overdetermination to non-reductive physicalism. [12] The non-reductive physicalist is committed to following three principles: the irreducibility of the mental to the physical, some version of mental-physical supervenience, and the causal efficaciousness of mental states. The problem ...
Jaegwon Kim has argued against non-reductive physicalism on the grounds that it violates the causal closure of the physical, which assumes that physics provides a full explanation of physical events. If mental properties are causally efficacious, they must either be identical to physical properties or there must be widespread overdetermination.
With causal closure, no physical event has a cause outside the physical domain, and with physical determinism, the future is determined entirely by preceding events (cause and effect). The puzzle of reconciling 'free will' with a deterministic universe is known as the problem of free will or sometimes referred to as the dilemma of determinism ...
During the Oct. 29 speech, Harris said Trump had been "at this very spot … and sent an armed mob to the United States Capitol to overturn the will of the people in a free and fair election."
Kamala Harris will deliver a “closing argument” speech in Washington, D.C., on Tuesday at the site where Donald Trump spoke shortly before the Jan. 6 riot, according to a senior campaign official.
Trump’s closing argument in the days ahead should be that it does not have to be this way and that he will turn things around. He has, after all, done it before.
Oral argument at the appellate level accompanies written briefs, which also advance the argument of each party in the legal dispute. A closing argument, or summation, is the concluding statement of each party's counsel reiterating the important arguments for the trier of fact, often the jury, in a court case. A closing argument occurs after the ...