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The fern has spores on the bottom of the fronds, contained in sori. Sori can be found aligned in rows on the underside of fertile fronds. They start as yellow, but as they mature, they turn brown and split. [13] The fern sporulates in summer and early fall. Rhizome sections are also viable offspring and can root themselves in new medium.
Each circular brown structure is an individual sorus. A sorus (pl.: sori) is a cluster of sporangia (structures producing and containing spores) in ferns and fungi. A coenosorus (pl.: coenosori) is a compound sorus composed of multiple, fused sori.
There are 3–7 round sori on each pinnule, halfway between the margin and midrib, with a light brown indusium. [3] The ferns are usually bicolour with a dark brown centre that is surrounded by margins that are a pale brown. On ferns found on the Chatham Islands and subantarctic islands, the dark brown centre can be reduced and therefore less ...
Gleichenia polypodioides (L.) Sm., commonly known as coral fern, kystervaring ('kyster' meaning 'coastal' and of possible Scandinavian derivation) or ystervaring (meaning 'iron fern' in Afrikaans) due to its glabrous, brown, wiry stipes. The species is widespread in south- and east tropical Africa, southern Africa and the western Indian Ocean ...
Dryopteris marginalis showing unripe sori placement on the edges of the leaves. Dryopteris marginalis is an evergreen fern throughout its range, along with Christmas fern (Polystichum acrostichoides) it is one of the few evergreen ferns. Marginal wood fern grows from a clump with a prominent central rootstock, this rootstock may be exposed and ...
Argyrochosma flavens is a South American fern. It has leathery, thrice-divided leaves with dark brown axes; the leaves are coated with yellow powder below. First described as a species in 1806, it was transferred to the new genus Argyrochosma (the "false cloak ferns") in 1996, recognizing their distinctness from the "cloak ferns" (Notholaena sensu stricto).
Polypodium virginianum is a small rhizomatous fern with narrow leaves 8–40 centimetres (3.1–15.7 in) long and 3–6 centimetres (1.2–2.4 in) wide borne on smooth, scaleless petioles 3–15 centimetres (1.2–5.9 in). Leaves are evergreen, oblong and pinnatifid with acuminate tips.
This fern grows in clumps of three or more fronds [4] along a dark brown, slightly scaly rhizome. The frond is held on a stipe which is 20% of the length of the leaf [5] and brown at the base but becoming green as it approaches the leaflets. The stipe is typically covered in brown scales at the base and finely hairy farther up.