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Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is a controversial therapy used to treat certain mental illnesses such as major depressive disorder, schizophrenia, depressed bipolar disorder, manic excitement, and catatonia. [1] These disorders are difficult to live with and often very difficult to treat, leaving individuals suffering for long periods of time.
The usual course of ECT involves multiple administrations, typically given two or three times per week until the patient no longer has symptoms. ECT is administered under anesthesia with a muscle relaxant. [7] ECT can differ in its application in three ways: electrode placement, treatment frequency, and the electrical waveform of the stimulus.
ECT originated as a new form of convulsive therapy, rather than as a completely new treatment. [5] Convulsive therapy was introduced in 1934 by Hungarian neuropsychiatrist Ladislas J Meduna who, believing that schizophrenia and epilepsy were antagonistic disorders, induced seizures in patients with first camphor and then cardiazol.
Peter Roger Breggin (born May 11, 1936) [1] is an American psychiatrist and critic of shock treatment and psychiatric medication and COVID-19 response. In his books, he advocates replacing psychiatry's use of drugs and electroconvulsive therapy with psychotherapy, education, empathy, love, and broader human services.
Kitty Dukakis, wife of former Massachusetts governor and 1988 Democratic presidential nominee Michael Dukakis and author of Shock, [13] a book chronicling her experiences with ECT [14] Thomas Eagleton, US senator and vice presidential candidate [15] Eduard Einstein (28 July 1910 – 25 October 1965) Albert Einstein's second son had ECT.
Pages in category "Education controversies" The following 16 pages are in this category, out of 16 total. This list may not reflect recent changes. 0–9.
"On Punishment: New York State, the Judge Rotenberg Center and the Continuing Debate over Aversive Therapy". Holy Cross Journal of Law and Public Policy. 14 (1): 113– 146 – via HeinOnline. Rosenthal, Eric; Ahern, Laurie (2012). "When Treatment is Torture: Protecting People with Disabilities Detained in Institutions". Human Rights Brief. 19 (2).
Logo of the campaign. The Cost of Knowledge is a protest by academics against the business practices of academic journal publisher Elsevier.Among the reasons for the protests were a call for lower prices for journals and to promote increased open access to information.