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Cave surveying and cartography, i.e. the creation of an accurate, detailed map, is one of the most common technical activities undertaken within a cave and is a fundamental part of speleology. Surveys can be used to compare caves to each other by length, depth and volume, may reveal clues on speleogenesis , provide a spatial reference for other ...
Cave environments fall into three general categories: Endogean; the parts of caves that are in communication with surface soils through cracks and rock seams, groundwater seepage, and root protrusion. Parahypogean; the threshold regions near cave mouths that extend to the last penetration of sunlight. Hypogean; or "true" cave environments.
Bedrock is dissolved by carbonic acid in rainwater, groundwater, or humic acids from decaying vegetation, that seeps through bedding planes, faults, joints, and the like.. Over time, the surface terrain breaks up into clints separated by grikes and punctuated by sinkholes into which streams may disappear, crevices expand as the walls are dissolved to become caves or cave sy
As the acidic water travels through the calcium carbonate bedrock from the surface to the cave ceiling, it dissolves the bedrock via the reaction: CaCO 3 + H 2 CO 3 → Ca 2+ + 2 HCO 3 −. When the solution reaches a cave, the lower pCO 2 in the cave drives the precipitation of CaCO 3 via the reaction: Ca 2+ + 2 HCO 3 − → CaCO 3 + H 2 O + CO 2
According to KellerLynn, "Boxwork is a speleogen, forming when bedrock between preexisting calcite veins were preferentially weathered away as the cave developed." [ 1 ] Boxwork is commonly composed of thin blades of the mineral calcite that project from cave walls or ceilings that intersect one another at various angles, forming a box-like or ...
In geology, texture or rock microstructure [1] refers to the relationship between the materials of which a rock is composed. [2] The broadest textural classes are crystalline (in which the components are intergrown and interlocking crystals), fragmental (in which there is an accumulation of fragments by some physical process), aphanitic (in which crystals are not visible to the unaided eye ...
Cave digging usually begins with a survey of mountains and valleys in karst topography searching for new caves, with the goal of creating accessible entrances. [1] Whether outside an inaccessible cave or inside an already accessible cave, when spaces are evident on the other side of blocked passages, many strategies can be used to widen ...
In geology, a bed is a layer of sediment, sedimentary rock, or volcanic rock "bounded above and below by more or less well-defined bedding surfaces". [1] A bedding surface or bedding plane is respectively a curved surface or plane that visibly separates each successive bed (of the same or different lithology) from the preceding or following bed.