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It represents the sound /v/ and named Ve in the Kurdish, Comorian and Wakhi alphabets, and represents the sound /p/ and named Pa in the Jawi (used for Malay) and Pegon (used for Javanese) alphabets. Ve originated as one of the new letters added for the Perso-Arabic alphabet to write New Persian , and it was used for the sound / β / .
asno law The word-medial sequence *-mn-is simplified after long vowels and diphthongs or after a short vowel if the sequence was tautosyllabic and preceded by a consonant. . The *n was deleted if the vocalic sequence following the cluster was accented, as in Ancient Greek θερμός thermós 'warm' (from Proto-Indo-European *gʷʰermnós 'warm'); otherwise, the *m was deleted, as in Sanskrit ...
But the Skt. word अन्त (/ɐnt̪ɐ/, end) retains the end vowel and becomes অন্তো (/ɔnt̪o/) in Bengali, as it ends with a consonant cluster. However, tatsama borrowings from Sanskrit generally retain the 'ɔˈ except in word-final positions and except in very informal speech. That vowel in medial position are not always ...
Latin also keeps the three series separate, but mostly obscures the distinctions among voiced-aspirated consonants in initial position (all except *gʰ become /f/) and collapses many distinctions in medial position. Greek is of particular importance for reconstructing labiovelars, as other languages tend to delabialize them in many positions.
The Arabic alphabet is always cursive and letters vary in shape depending on their position within a word. Letters can exhibit up to four distinct forms corresponding to an initial, medial (middle), final, or isolated position . While some letters show considerable variations, others remain almost identical across all four positions.
The pronunciation of word initial and medial /u/ and /i/ depends on the nature of the surrounding consonants, whether the syllable is stressed or unstressed, the accent of the speaker, and rate of speech. As a general rule, word initial or medial /u/ is pronounced , but strictly as at the end of a word or before /w/ (as in هُوَّ [huwːa]).
Grammatical abbreviations are generally written in full or small caps to visually distinguish them from the translations of lexical words. For instance, capital or small-cap PAST (frequently abbreviated to PST) glosses a grammatical past-tense morpheme, while lower-case 'past' would be a literal translation of a word with that meaning.
Since the early twentieth century Khowar has been written in the Khowar alphabet, which is based on the Urdu alphabet and uses the Nasta'liq script. Prior to that, the language was carried on through oral tradition. Today Urdu and English are the official languages and the only major literary usage of Khowar is in both poetry and prose composition.