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Ammonium bicarbonate is an irritant to the skin, eyes and respiratory system. Short-term health effects may occur immediately or shortly after exposure to ammonium bicarbonate. Breathing ammonium bicarbonate can irritate the nose, throat and lungs causing coughing, wheezing and/or shortness of breath.
In water solutions, the carbamate anion slowly equilibrates with the ammonium NH + 4 cation and the carbonate CO 2− 3 or bicarbonate HCO − 3 anions: [3] [4] [5] H 2 NCO − 2 + 2 H 2 O ⇌ NH + 4 + HCO − 3 + OH − H 2 NCO − 2 + H 2 O ⇌ NH + 4 + CO 2− 3. Calcium carbamate is soluble in water, whereas calcium carbonate is not.
At ordinary temperatures and pressures, ammonium carbamate exists in aqueous solutions as an equilibrium with ammonia and carbon dioxide, and the anions bicarbonate, HCO − 3, and carbonate, CO 2− 3. [8] [6] [9] Indeed, solutions of ammonium carbonate or bicarbonate will contain some carbamate anions too. H 2 NCO − 2 + 2H 2 O ⇌ NH + 4 ...
Solid ammonium carbonate and ammonium bicarbonate salts partly dissociate to form NH 3, CO 2 and H 2 O vapour as follows: (NH 4) 2 CO 3 → 2 NH 3 + CO 2 + H 2 O NH 4 HCO 3 → NH 3 + CO 2 + H 2 O. The smelling salts release ammonia (NH 3) gas, which triggers an inhalation reflex.
Ammonium carbonate is produced by combining carbon dioxide and aqueous ammonia. About 80,000 tons/year were produced as of 1997. 2 NH 3 + H 2 O + CO 2 → [NH 4] 2 CO 3 [2] An orthorhombic ammonium carbonate monohydrate is known ([NH 4] 2 CO 3 ·H 2 O). It crystallizes in an ammonia solution exposed in a carbon dioxide-rich atmosphere. [3]
It is manufactured by treating an aqueous solution of potassium carbonate or potassium hydroxide with carbon dioxide: [1] K 2 CO 3 + CO 2 + H 2 O → 2 KHCO 3. Decomposition of the bicarbonate occurs between 100 and 120 °C (212 and 248 °F): 2 KHCO 3 → K 2 CO 3 + CO 2 + H 2 O. This reaction is employed to prepare high purity potassium carbonate.
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Bicarbonate is the dominant form of dissolved inorganic carbon in sea water, [9] and in most fresh waters. As such it is an important sink in the carbon cycle . Some plants like Chara utilize carbonate and produce calcium carbonate (CaCO 3 ) as result of biological metabolism.