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Mixed-member majoritarian systems generally allow smaller parties that cannot win individual elections to secure some representation in the legislature; however, unlike in a proportional system, they will have a substantially smaller delegation than their share of the total vote.
Such systems in use have been (inaccurately [14]) described as mixed member proportional, but they were more commonly between MMP and MMM in nature, or closer to mixed-member majoritarian representation, offering little compensatory power.
These include parallel voting (also known as mixed-member majoritarian) and mixed-member proportional representation. In non-compensatory, parallel voting systems, which are used in 20 countries, [ 1 ] members of a legislature are elected by two different methods; part of the membership is elected by a plurality or majority vote in single ...
The seat linkage compensatory mixed system often referred to as MMP originates in Germany, and was later adopted with modifications under the name of MMP in New Zealand.In Germany, where it was differentiated from a different compensatory mixed system it was always known as personalized proportional representation (PPR) (German: personalisiertes Verhältniswahlrecht).
For this reason, parallel voting is not always mixed-member majoritarian. For example, parallel voting may use a two proportional systems like STV and list-PR and then it would not be mixed-member majoritarian, and a majority bonus system (which is not the same as parallel voting) may also be considered mixed majoritarian.
An electoral system (or voting system) is a set of rules that determine how elections and referendums are conducted and how their results are determined.. Some electoral systems elect a single winner (single candidate or option), while others elect multiple winners, such as members of parliament or boards of directors.
The majority jackpot system (MJS), also known as a majority-minority apportionment, is a mixed-member majoritarian and conditional voting rule. [1] It produces subproportional representation by fixing the final apportionment for a party or alliance that wins a majority of the vote at some level (e.g. 55% of the seats).
Germany's mixed-member proportional system has a threshold of 5 percent of party-list votes for full proportional representation in the Bundestag in federal elections. However, this is not a strict barrier to entry: any party or independent who wins a constituency is entitled to that seat regardless if it has passed the threshold.