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By a transformation of variables, [14] any central-force problem can be converted into an equivalent parallel-force problem. [ note 6 ] In place of the ordinary x and y Cartesian coordinates, two new position variables ξ = x / y and η = 1/ y are defined, as is a new time coordinate τ τ = ∫ d t y 2 {\displaystyle \tau =\int {\frac {dt}{y ...
The following are important identities in vector algebra.Identities that only involve the magnitude of a vector ‖ ‖ and the dot product (scalar product) of two vectors A·B, apply to vectors in any dimension, while identities that use the cross product (vector product) A×B only apply in three dimensions, since the cross product is only defined there.
In mathematics, the magnitude or size of a mathematical object is a property which determines whether the object is larger or smaller than other objects of the same kind. More formally, an object's magnitude is the displayed result of an ordering (or ranking) of the class of objects to which it belongs.
The "kT" constant at 25 °C, a common rough approximation for the total thermal energy of each molecule in a system (0.03 eV) [13] 7–22×10 −21 J Energy of a hydrogen bond (0.04 to 0.13 eV) [11] [14] 10 −20 4.5×10 −20 J Upper bound of the mass–energy of a neutrino in particle physics (0.28 eV) [15] [16] 10 −19 1.602 176 634 × 10 ...
5 × 10 3 C: Typical alkaline AA battery is about 5000 C ≈ 1.4 A⋅h [12] 10 4 ~ 9.65 × 10 4 C: Charge on one mole of electrons (Faraday constant) [13] 10 5: 1.8 × 10 5 C: Automotive battery charge. 50Ah = 1.8 × 10 5 C: 10 6: mega-(MC) 10.72 × 10 6 C: Charge needed to produce 1 kg of aluminium from bauxite in an electrolytic cell [14] 10 ...
The following list shows different orders of magnitude of entropy ... 5.74 J ⋅K −1: Standard ... Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution ...
The 6-j symbol is associated with the K 4 graph on 4 vertices, the 9-j symbol with the utility graph on 6 vertices (K 3,3), and the two distinct (non-isomorphic) 12-j symbols with the Q 3 and Wagner graphs on 8 vertices. Symmetry relations are generally representative of the automorphism group of these graphs.
2.5 × 10 −15: −116 dBm tech: minimum discernible signal at the antenna terminal of a good FM radio receiver 10 −14: 1 × 10 −14: −110 dBm tech: approximate lower limit of power reception on digital spread-spectrum cell phones 10 −12: pico-(pW) 1 × 10 −12: −90 dBm biomed: average power consumption of a human cell: 10 −11: 1 ...