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Before the end of the 17th century BC, Canaanite-Egyptian relations were interrupted when the Hyksos, a nomadic Semitic people, conquered Egypt. After about three decades of Hyksos rule (1600-1570 BC), Ahmose I (1570-1545 BC), Theban prince, launched the Egyptian liberation war.
[11] [12] However, with the emergence of Egypt's Middle Kingdom (c. 1991 BC –c. 1778 BC), Byblos' defensive walls and temples were rebuilt, and it came once more allied to Egypt. [11] [12] In 1725 BC, Egypt's Nile Delta and the coastal cities of Phoenicia fell to the Hyksos as the Middle Kingdom disintegrated.
The Phoenician sanctuary of Kharayeb is located on a hilly plateau at the entrance to the town Kharayeb, which is near Jemjim [1] on the hills overlooking the Mediterranean Sea, and just north of the Leontes River 77 km (48 mi) south of Beirut, Lebanon. [2]
The necropolis dates back to the Bronze Age, a period during which Byblos was a thriving trade hub, particularly known for its export of cedar wood to Egypt. The tombs have yielded numerous valuable and finely crafted artifacts. [3] [5]
The 2006 Lebanon War negatively affected the ancient city by covering its harbour and town walls with an oil slick that was the result of an oil spill from a nearby power plant. [49] During the 2024 Israeli invasion of Lebanon, UNESCO gave Byblos and 33 other cultural sites enhanced protection to safeguard them against damage. [50]
The earliest prehistoric cultures of Lebanon, such as the Qaraoun culture gave rise to the civilization of the Canaanite period, when the region was populated by ancient peoples, cultivating land and living in sophisticated societies during the 2nd millennium BC. Northern Canaanites are mentioned in the Bible as well as in other Semitic records ...
The blocks known as the Trilithon (the upper of the two largest courses of stone pictured) in the Temple of Jupiter Baal. The Trilithon (Greek: Τρίλιθον), also called the Three Stones, is a group of three horizontally lying giant stones that form part of the podium of the Temple of Jupiter Baal at Baalbek.
The Routledge Handbook of the Peoples and Places of Ancient Western Asia: The Near East from the Early Bronze Age to the Fall of the Persian Empire. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-134-15908-6. Kilani, Marwan (24 October 2019). Byblos in the Late Bronze Age: Interactions Between the Levantine and Egyptian Worlds. Brill. ISBN 978-90-04-41659-8.