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Therefore, Pinyin writing is also a kind of Chinese writing, and it can also be an important reference for Chinese character word segmentation. [12] "Basic Rules of Chinese Pinyin Orthography" is the Chinese national standard for Pinyin writing and word segmentation. Its main content "5. General rules" is excerpted as follows: [13]
Written Chinese is one of the oldest continuously used writing systems. [26] The earliest examples universally accepted as Chinese writing are the oracle bone inscriptions made during the reign of the Shang king Wu Ding (c. 1250 – c. 1192 BCE). These inscriptions were made primarily on ox scapulae and turtle shells in order to record the ...
20th-century Literary Chinese writing. Lower Yangtze Mandarin formed the standard for written vernacular Chinese, until it was displaced by the Beijing dialect during the late Qing. Baihua (白话; 'plain speech') was used by writers across China regardless of their local spoken dialect. Writers used Lower Yangtze and Beijing grammar and ...
Written Chinese makes use of Chinese characters, one of the four independent inventions of writing agreed by scholars, and the only one of these remaining in use. Speakers and readers exhibit a high degree of diglossia between both local varieties and Standard Chinese , and between written and spoken language.
Chinese characters "Chinese character" written in traditional (left) and simplified (right) forms Script type Logographic Time period c. 13th century BCE – present Direction Left-to-right Top-to-bottom, columns right-to-left Languages Chinese Japanese Korean Vietnamese Zhuang (among others) Related scripts Parent systems (Proto-writing) Chinese characters Child systems Bopomofo Jurchen ...
Establish process differences; Target future performance; Communicate; Adjust goal; Implement; Review and recalibrate; The following is an example of a typical benchmarking methodology: Identify problem areas: Because benchmarking can be applied to any business process or function, a range of research techniques may be required.
Hong Kong written Chinese (HKWC) [1] is a local variety of written Chinese used in formal written communication in Hong Kong and Macao. [2] The common Hongkongese name for this form of Chinese is "written language" (書面語), in contrast to the "spoken language" (口語), i.e. Cantonese. [3]
Chinese characters have been used in several different writing systems throughout history. The concept of a writing system includes both the written symbols themselves, called graphemes —which may include characters, numerals, or punctuation—as well as the rules by which they are used to record language. [ 2 ]