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Vertical and/or short take-off and landing (V/STOL) aircraft that are able to take off or land vertically or on short runways. Vertical takeoff and landing includes craft that do not require runways at all. Generally, a V/STOL aircraft needs to be able to hover; helicopters are not typically considered under the V/STOL classification.
An F/A-18 taking off from an aircraft carrier An Embraer E175 taking off. Takeoff is the phase of flight in which an aerospace vehicle leaves the ground and becomes airborne. For aircraft traveling vertically, this is known as liftoff.
Landing of Hawker Sea Fury FB 10. Landing is the last part of a flight, where a flying animal, aircraft, or spacecraft returns to the ground. When the flying object returns to water, the process is called alighting, although it is commonly called "landing", "touchdown" a or "splashdown" as well.
If the pilot brings the aircraft to a full stop before taking off again, it is known as a "stop-and-go". If the aircraft's wheels do not touch the ground, it is known as a "low pass". Both a touch-and-go landing and a low pass are types of go-around. An unplanned touch-and-go landing is also called a "rejected landing" or "balked landing".
Aircraft landing on a runway. A conventional take-off and landing (CTOL), [1] also known as horizontal take-off and landing (HTOL) is the process whereby conventional fixed-wing aircraft (such as passenger aircraft) take off and land, involving the use of runways.
Pilots prefer to take off and land facing into the wind. This has the effect of reducing the aircraft's speed over the ground (for a given airspeed), thus reducing the length of runway required to perform either maneuver. An exception to this rule is at airports where the runway is on a severe slope, such as alpine airports .
The performance data for landing an aircraft can be obtained from the aircraft's flight manual or pilot's operating handbook. It will state the distance required to bring the aircraft to a stop under ideal conditions, assuming the aircraft crosses the runway threshold at a height of 50 ft, at the correct speed.
A certification test is required to show that a new aircraft design will still take off safely with the tail dragging on the runway. Using a higher V R will increase tail clearance and reduce the probability of tailstrike. Over-rotation can also result in loss of lift, causing a stall.