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Another form of dualism in Hindu philosophy is found in the Dvaita ("dualism") Vedanta school, which regards God and the world as two realities with distinct essences; this is a form of theistic dualism. By contrast, schools such as Advaita ("nondualism") Vedanta embrace nondualism or absolute monism, regarding dualism as an illusion .
Another form of monistic Vedanta is Vishishtadvaita (qualified non-dualism) as posited by the eleventh century philosopher Ramanuja. Ramanuja criticized Advaita Vedanta by arguing that consciousness is always intentional and that it is also always a property of something. Ramanuja's Brahman is defined by a multiplicity of qualities and ...
Everything that is composed of the second reality, such as individual soul, matter, and the like exist with their own separate reality. The distinguishing factor of this philosophy, as opposed to monistic Advaita Vedanta, is that God takes on a personal role and is seen as a real eternal entity that governs and controls the universe. [15]
Hindu philosophy or Vedic philosophy is the set of philosophical systems that developed in tandem with the first Hindu religious traditions during the iron and classical ages of India.
In Shaivism alone, there are ten dualistic Agama texts, eighteen qualified monism-cum-dualism Agama texts, and sixty-four monism Agama texts. [31] The Bhairava Shastras are monistic, while Shiva Shastras are dualistic. [32] [33] A similar breadth of diverse views is present in Vaishnava Agamas as well.
While some Upanishads have been deemed 'monistic', others, including the Katha Upanishad, are dualistic. [92] The Maitri is one of the Upanishads that inclines more toward dualism, thus grounding classical Samkhya and Yoga schools of Hinduism, in contrast to the non-dualistic Upanishads at the foundation of its Vedanta school. [93]
The Hindu tantras total 92 scriptures; of these, 64 [3] [better source needed] are purely Abheda (literally "without differentiation", or monistic), known as the Bhairava Tantras or Kashmir Śaivite Tantras, 18 are Bhedābheda (literally "with differentiation and without differentiation" monistic or dualistic), known as the Rudra Tantras), and ...
The Advaita Vedanta school of Hinduism asserted that there is no dualistic existence of a deity (or deities). [ 12 ] [ 93 ] There is no otherness nor distinction between Jiva and Ishvara . [ 94 ] [ 95 ] God (Ishvara, Brahman) is identical with the Atman (Self) within each human being in Advaita Vedanta school, [ 96 ] and there is a monistic ...