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There are three fundamental ways to reduce exposure to ionizing radiation: [32] increasing the distance from the radiation source; reducing the exposure time; shielding (i.e.: a physical barrier) Shielding is a plausible option, but due to current launch mass restrictions, it is prohibitively costly.
Airline crews flying long-distance high-altitude routes can be exposed to 2.2 mSv of extra radiation each year due to cosmic rays, nearly doubling their total exposure to ionizing radiation. Average annual radiation exposure ( millisieverts )
Orion's orientation during flight affected radiation exposure, which dropped by half when the spacecraft made a 90-degree turn flying past the inner Van Allen belt.
Disks Flown on STS-40 STS-40 Cargo Bay configuration. G-616, formally known as GAS canister #G-616: The Effect of Cosmic Radiation on Static Computer Media & Plant Seeds Exposure to Microgravity was an experiment flown on the Space Shuttle as a self-contained experiment, as part of STS-40.
Once above the atmosphere, radiation due to the Van Allen belts, solar radiation and cosmic radiation issues occur and increase. Further away from the Earth, solar flares can give a fatal radiation dose in minutes, and the health threat from cosmic radiation significantly increases the chances of cancer over a decade exposure or more. [29]
Hypotheses include Cherenkov radiation created as the cosmic ray particles pass through the vitreous humour of the astronauts' eyes, [4] [5] direct interaction with the optic nerve, [4] direct interaction with visual centres in the brain, [6] retinal receptor stimulation, [7] and a more general interaction of the retina with radiation. [8]
Almost all radiation will be received while passing the inner belt. [43] The Apollo missions marked the first event where humans traveled through the Van Allen belts, which was one of several radiation hazards known by mission planners. [44] The astronauts had low exposure in the Van Allen belts due to the short period of time spent flying ...
Animal behavior studies indicate that high-HZE radiation has a high RBE, but the data are not consistent. Other uncertainties include: age at exposure, radiation quality, and dose-rate effects, as well as issues regarding genetic susceptibility to CNS risk from space radiation exposure. More research is required before CNS risk can be estimated.