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The Romans first used hydraulic concrete in coastal underwater structures, probably in the harbours around Baiae before the end of the 2nd century BC. [12] The harbour of Caesarea is an example (22-15 BC) of the use of underwater Roman concrete technology on a large scale, [10] for which enormous quantities of pozzolana were imported from ...
The first use of concrete by the Romans was in the town of Cosa sometime after 273 BC. Ancient Roman concrete was a mixture of lime mortar, aggregate, pozzolana, water, and stones, and was stronger than previously used concretes. The ancient builders placed these ingredients in wooden frames where they hardened and bonded to a facing of stones ...
Cement was made of hydrated lime (calcium oxide) mixed with sand and water. The Romans discovered that substituting or supplementing the sand with a pozzolanic additive, such as volcanic ash, would produce a very hard cement, known as hydraulic mortar or hydraulic cement. They used it widely in structures such as buildings, public baths and ...
With the introduction of Roman concrete, continuous outer walls were often constructed, with some blocks laid as headers in order to attach to the inner wall.Tile or marble can be found cemented to such walls, but this was less common for those structures that were particularly load-bearing, such as arches and pillars used for bridges and aqueducts.
The Roman Pantheon had the largest dome in the world for more than a millennium and is the largest unreinforced solid concrete dome to this day [1]. The Roman architectural revolution, also known as the concrete revolution, [2] is the name sometimes given to the widespread use in Roman architecture of the previously little-used architectural forms of the arch, vault, and dome.
The Ostia dome was 60 Roman feet wide and made of brick-faced concrete. [61] [62] No later dome built in the Imperial era came close to the span of the Pantheon. [63] It remained the largest dome in the world for more than a millennium and is still the world's largest unreinforced concrete dome. [64] Ruins in the Piazza D'Oro at Hadrian's Villa
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Opus reticulatum (also known as reticulate work) is a facing used for concrete walls in Roman architecture from about the first century BCE to the early first century CE. [1]: 136–9 [notes 1] They were built using small pyramid shaped tuff, a volcanic stone embedded into a concrete core.