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In jurisprudence, a de facto law (also known as a de facto regulation) is a law or regulation that is followed but "is not specifically enumerated by a law." [ 4 ] By definition, de facto 'contrasts' de jure which means "as defined by law" or "as a matter of law."
Chancellor of Germany and Minister President of Prussia Otto von Bismarck, with German Emperor and King of Prussia William I as a de facto figurehead. Cardinal Richelieu and his successor Cardinal Mazarin, de facto rulers of France during the reign of King Louis XIII and the early years of that of Louis XIV.
During this period, King Philip III of Spain was the de jure Lord of the Netherlands. Frederick Henry, Prince of Orange: Philip IV of Spain: 1625–1647 In 1625, Prince Frederick Henry of Orange was proclaimed Stadtholder (thereby de facto ruler) of the renegade Netherlands after the natural death of his brother Maurice of Orange.
Charles Martel (/ m ɑːr ˈ t ɛ l /; c. 688 – 22 October 741), [3] Martel being a sobriquet in Old French for "The Hammer", was a Frankish political and military leader who, as Duke and Prince of the Franks and Mayor of the Palace, was the de facto ruler of the Franks from 718 until his death.
Between 1805 and 1914, the ruling dynasty of Egypt was subject to the rulers of the Ottoman Empire but acted as de facto independent rulers who maintained the polite fiction of Ottoman suzerainty. However, starting from around 1882, the rulers had only de jure rule over Egypt, as it had by then become a British puppet state. [5]
In one-party states, the ruling party's leader (e.g. the General Secretary) is usually the de facto top leader of the state, though sometimes this leader also holds the presidency or premiership. In Andorra , Iran , and Vatican City ( Holy See ), a clergy member also acts as the head of state.
According to Immanuel Wallerstein, another fundamental feature of sovereignty is that it is a claim that must be recognized if it is to have any meaning: Sovereignty is a hypothetical trade, in which two potentially (or really) conflicting sides, respecting de facto realities of power, exchange such recognitions as their least costly strategy. [14]
Manuel Antonio Noriega Moreno (/ m ɑː n ˈ w ɛ l ˌ n ɔːr i ˈ eɪ ɡ ə / ⓘ mahn-WEL NOR-ee-AY-gə, Spanish: [maˈnwel noˈɾjeɣa]; February 11, 1934 – May 29, 2017) [a] was a Panamanian dictator and military officer who was the de facto ruler of Panama from 1983 to 1989.