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Human gamma-glutamyltransferase catalyzes the transfer of the glutamyl moiety of glutathione to a variety of amino acids and dipeptide acceptors. This heteroduplex enzyme is composed of a heavy chain and a light chain, which are derived from a single precursor protein, and is present in tissues involved in absorption and secretion.
The main strength of the tail suspension test is its predictive validity– performance on the test can be altered by drugs that improve depressive symptoms in people. Specifically, if antidepressant agents are administered before the test, the animal will struggle for a longer period of time than if not and exhibit more escape behaviors. [1]
Spontaneous activity (or hypomotility) is determined by an open field test, in which a mouse is placed in a cage with perpendicular grid lines, usually spaced by approx. 1 inch. An experimenter counts the number of line crossings by the mouse in a given amount of time. Catalepsy is determined by the bar test. The mouse is placed on a bar ...
The head-twitch response (HTR) is a rapid, rhythmic side-to-side or rotational head movement that intermittently occurs in mice and rats when the serotonin 5-HT 2A receptor is activated. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] In mice, each individual head movement lasts about 10 milliseconds and each HTR consists of 5 to 11 individual head movements.
Generally, the test is 21.6 minutes long and is presented as a simple, yet boring, computer game. The test is used to measure a number of variables involving the test taker's response to either a visual or auditory stimulus. These measurements are then compared to the measurements of a group of people without attention disorders who took the T ...
Further parameters are the Gallagher measure, [17] the average distance to the platform, and the Whishaw corridor test, [18] which measures time and path in a strip directly leading from swim-start to platform. Other parameters are measured during probe trials: the escape platform is removed and the mice or rats are allowed to search for it for ...
When the test was first developed, it was pharmacologically validated through the use of benzodiazepines, a common anxiety medication. Newer drugs such as 5-HT-1A partial agonists and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors , which have also been proven to treat anxiety, show inconsistent results in this test.
This implies that the more time is elapsing between prime and target, the larger the prime's influences on the response. For average response times of 350-450 ms, the response priming effect can become as large as 100 ms, making it one of the numerically largest effects in response time research.