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On 22 December 1986, the Council of Ministers adopted four Regulations which lay the foundations for most of EC shipping law. In the 1990s and 2000s so far, the law has developed in various areas including competition and anti-trust law but also in the areas as safety, the environment, ports and employment.
Export Administration Regulations (EAR) cover exports in general. The coordinating body for EAR is the Export Enforcement Coordination Center (E2C2), [18] and the web-based licence system is SNAP-R. [19] Several of the functions of the US Bureau of Industry and Security (BIS) pertain to Export Control, including the Office for Export Enforcement.
A voluntary export restraint (VER) or voluntary export restriction is a measure by which the government or an industry in the importing country arranges with the government or the competing industry in the exporting country for a restriction on the volume of the latter's exports of one or more products.
The move is one element of the latest round of sanctions and export controls by the United States, partners and allies in response to Russia's ongoing war in Ukraine, which began on Feb. 24, 2022.
In the United States, CoCom compliance was implemented by various statutes authorizing the President to regulate exports, including the Export Control Act of 1949, the Export Administration Act of 1969, the Export Administration Act of 1979, the Arms Export Control Act (AECA), the Trading with the Enemy Act, and the International Emergency Economic Powers Act, among others.
Export restrictions, or a restriction on exportation, are limitations on the quantity of goods exported to a specific country or countries by a Government. Export restrictions could be aimed at achieving diverse policy objectives such as environmental protection, economic welfare, social wellbeing, conversion of natural resources, and controlling inflationary pressures.
Many observers, including those in the chip industry, warn that placing further restrictions on U.S. exports could ultimately drive customers in some second-tier countries into the arms of China ...
Council Regulation 1638/98 made changes to the organisation of the olive oil market in the EU. [5] See Unión de Pequeños Agricultores; Council Regulation (EC) 2679/98 of 7 December 1998, on the functioning of the internal market in relation to the free movement of goods among the Member States, was aimed at preventing obstacles to the free movement of goods attributable to "action or ...