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  2. Normal distribution - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Normal_distribution

    The simplest case of a normal distribution is known as the standard normal distribution or unit normal distribution. This is a special case when μ = 0 {\textstyle \mu =0} and σ 2 = 1 {\textstyle \sigma ^{2}=1} , and it is described by this probability density function (or density): φ ( z ) = e − z 2 2 2 π . {\displaystyle \varphi (z ...

  3. Geometric probability - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geometric_probability

    Problems of the following type, and their solution techniques, were first studied in the 18th century, and the general topic became known as geometric probability. ( Buffon's needle ) What is the chance that a needle dropped randomly onto a floor marked with equally spaced parallel lines will cross one of the lines?

  4. List of probability distributions - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_probability...

    The skew normal distribution; Student's t-distribution, useful for estimating unknown means of Gaussian populations. The noncentral t-distribution; The skew t distribution; The Champernowne distribution; The type-1 Gumbel distribution; The Tracy–Widom distribution; The Voigt distribution, or Voigt profile, is the convolution of a normal ...

  5. Central limit theorem - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_limit_theorem

    The distribution of the sum (or average) of the rolled numbers will be well approximated by a normal distribution. Since real-world quantities are often the balanced sum of many unobserved random events, the central limit theorem also provides a partial explanation for the prevalence of the normal probability distribution.

  6. Statistical manifold - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistical_manifold

    The family of all normal distributions can be thought of as a 2-dimensional parametric space parametrized by the expected value μ and the variance σ 2 ≥ 0. Equipped with the Riemannian metric given by the Fisher information matrix, it is a statistical manifold with a geometry modeled on hyperbolic space. A way of picturing the manifold is ...

  7. Probability distribution - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Probability_distribution

    [7] [4] [8] The normal distribution is a commonly encountered absolutely continuous probability distribution. More complex experiments, such as those involving stochastic processes defined in continuous time, may demand the use of more general probability measures.

  8. Shape of a probability distribution - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shape_of_a_probability...

    The shape of a distribution will fall somewhere in a continuum where a flat distribution might be considered central and where types of departure from this include: mounded (or unimodal), U-shaped, J-shaped, reverse-J shaped and multi-modal. [1] A bimodal distribution would have two high points rather than one. The shape of a distribution is ...

  9. Normal probability plot - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Normal_probability_plot

    Normal probability plots are made of raw data, residuals from model fits, and estimated parameters. A normal probability plot. In a normal probability plot (also called a "normal plot"), the sorted data are plotted vs. values selected to make the resulting image look close to a straight line if the data are approximately normally distributed.