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[1] [3] Severe symptoms include confusion, seizures, and coma; [1] [2] [9] death can ensue. [10] The causes of hyponatremia are typically classified by a person's body fluid status into low volume, normal volume, or high volume. [4] Low volume hyponatremia can occur from diarrhea, vomiting, diuretics, and sweating. [4]
Examples of causes of provoked seizures that can be corrected include low blood sugar, low blood sodium, febrile seizures in children, and substance/medication use. Starting anti-seizure medications is usually for those with medium to high risk of seizures re-occurring.
However, for the majority of seizures, the cause is unable to be determined. [1] Factors that may contribute to a seizure episode include head injuries, recent fever or infection, concurrent health conditions, and medication. There are many different symptoms to look for in epilepsy in children, of which can vary based on the seizure type.
Hypernatremia (high blood sodium level, above 145 mEq/L) causes thirst, and due to brain cell shrinkage may cause confusion, muscle twitching, or spasms. With severe elevation, seizures and comas may occur. [11] [12] Death can be caused by ingestion of large amounts of salt at a time (about 1 g per kg of body weight). [13]
Vitamin B12 deficiency was reported to be the cause of seizures for adults [9] [10] and for infants. [11] [12] Folic acid in large amounts was considered to potentially counteract the antiseizure effects of antiepileptic drugs and increase the seizure frequency in some children, although that concern is no longer held by epileptologists. [13]
Common causes in pediatric patients may be diarrheal illness, frequent feedings with dilute formula, water intoxication via excessive consumption, and enemas. [3] Pseudohyponatremia is a false low sodium reading that can be caused by high levels of fats or proteins in the blood.
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