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Evangelist portraits are a specific type of miniature included in ancient and mediaeval illuminated manuscript Gospel Books, and later in Bibles and other books, as well as other media. Each Gospel of the Four Evangelists, the books of Matthew, Mark, Luke, and John, may be prefaced by a portrait of the Evangelist, usually occupying a full page.
The Evangelist portraits that precede each of the books in the Echternach Gospels depict the symbols of the Evangelists in a very flat representation surrounded by geometric patterns. The tradition of portraying each author's portrait comes from the late antique Roman style of manuscript illumination. [ 2 ]
In iconography, the evangelists often appear in Evangelist portraits derived from classical tradition, and are also frequently represented by the symbols which originate from the four "living creatures" that draw the throne-chariot of God in the vision in Ezekiel 1 reflected in the Book of Revelation , referred to as the four 'Seraphim', though ...
The Barberini Gospels contains one illuminated canon table, four Evangelist portraits, and fifteen decorated initials. The book follows a fairly standard format in which each separate Gospel book opens with an evangelist portrait of the author and a large decorated initial, or incipit , at the beginning of the text.
Garima 2, also in Ge'ez, is a 322-page folio written by a different scribe. It has seventeen illuminated pages, including four fine Evangelist portraits preceding their respective gospels, and a separate portrait of Eusebius of Caesarea preceding his canon tables. [6]
The location of the portrait of Otto in the book between the canon tables and the portrait of St. Mathew, the first evangelist, is where a portrait of Christ is found in other gospel books. The perfection in this portrait of Otto is in the details, the colors and the representation of the figures. [4]
The miniatures of the Rabbula Gospels, notably those representing the Crucifixion, the Ascension and Pentecost, are full-page pictures with a decorative frame formed of zigzags, curves, rainbows and so forth. The scene of the Crucifixion is the earliest to survive in an illuminated manuscript, and shows the Eastern form of the image at the time.
The making of the Ebbo Gospels was during the Carolingian Renaissance, when Charlemagne was crowned the Holy Roman emperor by the Pope in the year 800. [4] Charlemagne had the goal of incorporating more Christian and Roman ideology within Europe as he was inspired by Constantine, who ruled c. 306-33, and made it more acceptable to practice Christianity.