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A meta-analysis concluded that supplementation with β-carotene does not appear to decrease the risk of cancer overall, nor specific cancers including: pancreatic, colorectal, prostate, breast, melanoma, or skin cancer generally. [8] [40] High levels of β-carotene may increase the risk of lung cancer in current and former smokers.
Long-term use of beta-carotene, vitamin A, and vitamin E supplements may shorten life, [2] and increase the risk of lung cancer in people who smoke (especially those smoking more than 20 cigarettes per day), former smokers, people exposed to asbestos, and those who use alcohol. [21]
Also downregulated is the enzyme beta-carotene 15,15'-dioxygenase (formerly known as beta-carotene 15,15'-monooxygenase) coded for by the BCMO1 gene, responsible for symmetrically cleaving β-carotene into retinal. [8] Absorbed β-carotene is either incorporated as such into chylomicrons or first converted to retinal and then retinol, bound to ...
The rate of breast cancer among women ages 40 to 49 ... recommendations do not include women over the age of 74,” the ACS said in a statement. ... have a higher-than-average risk of breast cancer.
The term carotene (also carotin, from the Latin carota, "carrot" [1] [2]) is used for many related unsaturated hydrocarbon substances having the formula C 40 H x, which are synthesized by plants but in general cannot be made by animals (with the exception of some aphids and spider mites which acquired the synthesizing genes from fungi). [3]
High doses of some antioxidants may have harmful long-term effects. The Beta-Carotene and Retinol Efficacy Trial (CARET) study of lung cancer patients found that smokers given supplements containing beta-carotene and vitamin A had increased rates of lung cancer. [140] Subsequent studies confirmed these adverse effects. [141]
For people with an average risk of breast cancer (meaning no family history or lifestyle factors that increase risk), doing a self-breast exam on a regular basis isn't necessary.
In setting human nutrient guidelines, government organizations do not necessarily agree on amounts needed to avoid deficiency or maximum amounts to avoid the risk of toxicity. [59] [11] [60] For example, for vitamin C, recommended intakes range from 40 mg/day in India [65] to 155 mg/day for the European Union. [66]