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2. Peyer's patch - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peyer's_patch

   Peyer's patches (or aggregated lymphoid nodules) are organized lymphoid follicles, named after the 17th-century Swiss anatomist Johann Conrad Peyer. [1] They are an important part of gut associated lymphoid tissue usually found in humans in the lowest portion of the small intestine, mainly in the distal jejunum and the ileum, but also could be detected in the duodenum.

3. Gut-associated lymphoid tissue - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gut-associated_lymphoid_tissue

   The Peyer's patch is an aggregate of lymphoid cells projected to the lumen of the gut which acts as a very important site for the initiation of the immune response. It forms a subepithelial dome where large number of B cell follicles with its germinal centers, T cell areas between them in a smaller number and dendritic cells are found.

4. Microfold cell - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microfold_cell

   Factors promoting the differentiation of M cells have yet to be elucidated, but they are thought to develop in response to signals from immune cells found in developing Peyer's patches. [4] B cells have been implicated in the developmental of M cells, since they are also localized in high numbers in the follicular-associated epithelium (FAE).

5. Mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mucosa-associated_lymphoid...

   Peyer's Patches, groupings of lymphoid follicles in the mucous membrane, monitor the GALT closely to regulate pathogens that traverse through the area. Due to the function of M cells in Peyer's patches, involving the adherence and transport of antigens across a single layer of epithelial cells, dysfunction in these structures could allow an ...

6. Germinal center - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germinal_center

   Germinal centers or germinal centres (GCs) are transiently formed structures within B cell zone (follicles) in secondary lymphoid organs – lymph nodes, ileal Peyer's patches, and the spleen [1] – where mature B cells are activated, proliferate, differentiate, and mutate their antibody genes (through somatic hypermutation aimed at achieving higher affinity) during a normal immune response ...

7. Gut-specific homing - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gut-specific_homing

   MadCAM-1 expression is continuous in the high endothelial venules of Peyer's patches and in the micro-vessels of the intestinal tract. [5] MadCAM-1 inhibitors prevent T cell migration to the gut. Structural analysis of the MadCAM-1 protein shows that it is a 41.5 kDa transmembrane protein with a small cytoplasmic tail and a large extracellular ...

8. Mucosal immunology - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mucosal_immunology

   Above the Peyer’s patches is a layer of epithelial cells, which together with the mucus form a barrier against microbial invasion into the underlying tissue. Antigen sampling is a key function of Peyer’s patches. Above the Peyer’s patches is a much thinner mucus layer that helps the antigen sampling. [14]

9. Solitary lymphatic nodule - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solitary_lymphatic_nodule

   The solitary lymphatic nodules are found scattered throughout the mucous membrane of the small intestine, but are most numerous in the lower part of the ileum.. Their free surfaces are covered with rudimentary villi, except at the summits, and each gland is surrounded by the openings of the intestinal glands.