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A 2009 review concluded that late-night salivary cortisol testing is a suitable alternative to serum cortisol testing for diagnosing Cushing's syndrome, reporting that both sensitivity and specificity exceeded ninety percent. [22]
Cortisol follows a circadian rhythm, and to accurately measure cortisol levels is best to test four times per day through saliva. An individual may have normal total cortisol but have a lower than normal level during a certain period of the day and a higher than normal level during a different period.
Reference ranges (reference intervals) for blood tests are sets of values used by a health professional to interpret a set of medical test results from blood samples. Reference ranges for blood tests are studied within the field of clinical chemistry (also known as "clinical biochemistry", "chemical pathology" or "pure blood chemistry"), the ...
Levels of cortisol and ACTH both elevated; 24-hour urinary cortisol levels elevated; Dexamethasone suppression test [3] Late night salivary cortisol (LNSC) [4] Loss of diurnal variation in cortisol levels (seen only in true Cushing's Syndrome) High mean corpuscular volume and gamma-glutamyl transferase may be clues to alcoholism
Waking up earlier in the morning increases the response. [11]Shift work: nurses working on morning shifts with very early awakening (between 4:00–5:30 a.m.) had a greater and prolonged cortisol awakening response than those on the late day shift (between 6:00–9:00 a.m.) or the night shift (between 11:00 a.m.–2:00 p.m.). [12]
To confirm inappropriately low cortisol secretion, testing can include baseline morning cortisol level in the blood or morning cortisol level in the saliva. [2] Cortisol levels typically peak in the morning; thus, low values indicate true adrenal insufficiency. [2] Urinary free cortisol can also be measured, but are not necessary for diagnosis. [2]