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Each object in the database is given two timestamp fields which are not used other than for concurrency control: R T ( O j ) {\displaystyle RT(O_{j})} is the timestamp of the last transaction that read the value of the object ( T S ( T r ) {\displaystyle TS(T_{r})} , where T r {\displaystyle T_{r}} is the last transaction that read the value of ...
Schedule (project management) Strong strict two-phase locking (SS2PL or Rigorousness). Making snapshot isolation serializable [8] in Snapshot isolation. Global serializability, where the Global serializability problem and its proposed solutions are described. Linearizability, a more general concept in concurrent computing.
SELECT is the most common operation in SQL, called "the query". SELECT retrieves data from one or more tables, or expressions. Standard SELECT statements have no persistent effects on the database. Some non-standard implementations of SELECT can have persistent effects, such as the SELECT INTO syntax provided in some databases. [4]
SQL was initially developed at IBM by Donald D. Chamberlin and Raymond F. Boyce after learning about the relational model from Edgar F. Codd [12] in the early 1970s. [13] This version, initially called SEQUEL (Structured English Query Language), was designed to manipulate and retrieve data stored in IBM's original quasirelational database management system, System R, which a group at IBM San ...
The last modification date stamp (and with DELWATCH 2.0+ also the file deletion date stamp, and since DOS 7.0+ optionally also the last access date stamp and creation date stamp), are stored in the directory entry with the year represented as an unsigned seven bit number (0–127), relative to 1980, and thereby unable to indicate any dates in ...
With the development of SQL and its attendant use in real-life applications, database users realized that when they added date columns to key fields, some issues arose. For example, if a table has a primary key and some attributes, adding a date to the primary key to track historical changes can lead to creation of more rows than intended.
SQL Server Management Objects (SMO) are .NET objects introduced by Microsoft as of Microsoft SQL Server 2005, designed to allow for easy and simple programmatic management of Microsoft SQL Server. [1] Using SMO, .NET programmers can design applications similar in functionality to Microsoft's SQL Server Management Studio.
Microsoft SQL Server Management Studio (SSMS) is a software application developed by Microsoft that is used for configuring, managing, and administering all components within Microsoft SQL Server. First launched with Microsoft SQL Server 2005, it is the successor to the Enterprise Manager in SQL 2000 or before.