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A spinal cord stimulator (SCS) or dorsal column stimulator (DCS) is a type of implantable neuromodulation device (sometimes called a "pain pacemaker") that is used to send electrical signals to select areas of the spinal cord (dorsal columns) for the treatment of certain pain conditions.
All forms of spinal cord stimulation have been shown to have varying degrees of efficacy to address a variety of pharmacoresistant neuropathic or mixed (neuropathic and noiciceptive) pain syndromes such as post-laminectomy syndrome, low back pain, complex regional pain syndrome, peripheral neuropathy, peripheral vascular disease and angina.
Peripheral nerve interfaces are used for pain modulation, [7] restoration of motor function following spinal cord injury or stroke, [8] treatment of epilepsy by electrical stimulation of the vagus nerve, [9] nerve stimulation to control micturition, occipital nerve stimulation for chronic migraines and to interface with neuroprosthetics.
The implant may be configured to best accommodate the patient's comfort and sleeping habits (e.g., set a delay based on sleep latency). The hypoglossal nerve stimulator implantable pulse generator battery life typically lasts 8–12 years, after which the implantable pulse generator may be safely replaced with another surgery. [8]
Neurostimulation for chronic pain is primarily through the use of spinal cord stimulators. [11] These devices deliver electrical stimulation to different areas of the spine based on where they are implanted. Since 2012, Medtronic has produced spinal cord stimulators with accelerometers that can predict the patient's position. The device can be ...
In most cases, a trial (test) lead placement is performed in order to assess whether the stimulation will work as expected. [8] Local anesthetic is applied to the back of the neck and a Tuohy needle is advanced towards the location of the greater occipital nerve and lesser occipital nerve under fluoroscopic guidance.
Vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) is a medical treatment that involves delivering electrical impulses to the vagus nerve. It is used as an add-on treatment for certain types of intractable epilepsy , cluster headaches, treatment-resistant depression and stroke rehabilitation.
The ArgusTM 16 retinal implant is an intraocular retinal prosthesis utilizing video processing technologies. Regarding to the visual cortex stimulation, Brindley, and Dobelle were the first ones who did the experiments and demonstrated that by stimulating the top side of the visual cortex most of the electrodes can produce visual percept. [13]