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Symbiogenesis (endosymbiotic theory, or serial endosymbiotic theory [2]) ... encoding 20–200 proteins [25] and mitochondrial genomes in humans are approximately 16 ...
Mitochondrial biogenesis is the process by which cells increase mitochondrial numbers. [1] [2] It was first described by John Holloszy in the 1960s, when it was discovered that physical endurance training induced higher mitochondrial content levels, leading to greater glucose uptake by muscles. [3]
It was originally incorrectly believed that the mitochondrial genome contained only 13 protein-coding genes, all of them encoding proteins of the electron transport chain. However, in 2001, a 14th biologically active protein called humanin was discovered, and was found to be encoded by the mitochondrial gene MT-RNR2 which also encodes part of ...
An overview of the endosymbiosis theory of eukaryote origin (symbiogenesis). Symbiogenesis theory holds that eukaryotes evolved via absorbing prokaryotes. Typically, one organism envelopes a bacterium and the two evolve a mutualistic relationship. The absorbed bacteria (the endosymbiont) eventually lives exclusively within the host cells.
Mitochondrial proteins (proteins transcribed from mitochondrial DNA) vary depending on the tissue and the species. In humans, 615 distinct types of proteins have been identified from cardiac mitochondria, [92] whereas in rats, 940 proteins have been reported. [93] The mitochondrial proteome is thought to be dynamically regulated. [94]
Adenine nucleotide translocator (ANT), also known as the ADP/ATP translocase (ANT), ADP/ATP carrier protein (AAC) or mitochondrial ADP/ATP carrier, exchanges free ATP with free ADP across the inner mitochondrial membrane. [1] [2] ANT is the most abundant protein in the inner mitochondrial membrane and belongs to the mitochondrial carrier family ...
The process is widely agreed to have involved symbiogenesis, in which an archeon and a bacterium came together to create the first eukaryotic common ancestor (FECA). This cell had a new level of complexity and capability, with a nucleus, at least one centriole and cilium , facultatively aerobic mitochondria , sex ( meiosis and syngamy ), a ...
Dynamin-like 120 kDa protein, mitochondrial is a protein that in humans is encoded by the OPA1 gene. [ 5 ] [ 6 ] This protein regulates mitochondrial fusion and cristae structure in the inner mitochondrial membrane (IMM) and contributes to ATP synthesis and apoptosis, [ 7 ] [ 8 ] [ 9 ] and small, round mitochondria. [ 10 ]