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As genetic factors and events during prenatal life may strongly influence developmental changes, genetics and prenatal development usually form a part of the study of child development. Related terms include developmental psychology , referring to development from birth to death, and pediatrics , the branch of medicine relating to the care of ...
A child's environment is organized in a non-arbitrary manner as part of a cultural system; The child’s own disposition, including a particular constellation of attributes, temperament, skills, and potentials, affect the process of development. The developmental niche is seen as the composite of three interacting subsystems:
Parenting roles in child development have typically focused on the role of the mother. Recent literature, however, has looked toward the father as having an important role in child development. Affirming a role for fathers, studies have shown that children as young as 15 months benefit significantly from substantial engagement with their father.
Identity formation, also called identity development or identity construction, is a complex process in which humans develop a clear and unique view of themselves and of their identity. Self-concept , personality development , and values are all closely related to identity formation.
[4] [28] Stress can affect children's growth and development, including the onset of puberty. [28] Some of the physical cues that may be indicative of stress in children are rashes on skin and skin diseases such as eczema , acne and hair loss , worsening asthma , insomnia or hypersomnia, frequent headaches, muscle aches, vomiting, constipation ...
Personality development is also dimensional in description and subjective in nature. [2] That is, personality development can be seen as a continuum varying in degrees of intensity and change. It is subjective in nature because its conceptualization is rooted in social norms of expected behavior, self-expression, and personal growth.
During this pivotal point in development, consequent developmental processes like the differentiation and specialization of neurons are highly sensitive to exogenous and endogenous factors. [15] For example, in utero exposure to nicotine has been linked to adverse effects, such as severe physical and cognitive deficits, due to the impediment of ...
Skinner believed children do bad things because the behavior obtains attention that serves as a reinforcer. For example: a child cries because the child's crying in the past has led to attention. These are the response, and consequences. The response is the child crying, and the attention that child gets is the reinforcing consequence.