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Interleukin 21 (IL-21) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the IL21 gene. [5] [6] [7]Interleukin-21 is a cytokine that has potent regulatory effects on cells of the immune system, including natural killer (NK) cells and cytotoxic T cells that can destroy virally infected or cancerous cells.
Pathogen-specific T SCM cells have been identified in a number of studies of human acute and chronic infections caused by viruses, bacteria and parasites. The presence of T SCM might be essential for the control of persisting infections, in which effector T cells undergo exhaustion and need to be restored; this was supported by the evidence of a negative correlation between the severity of ...
IL-27, together with TGF-β induces IL-10–producing regulatory T cells with Tr1-like properties cells. [16] [17] IL-27 alone can induce IL-10-producing Tr1 cells, but in the absence of TGF-β, the cells produce large quantities of both IFN-γ and IL-10. [18] IL-6 and IL-21 also plays a role in differentiation as they regulate expression of ...
Treg cells can be a source of IL-10 and TGF-β and therefore they can play a role in T cell exhaustion. [70] Furthermore, T cell exhaustion is reverted after depletion of Treg cells and blockade of PD1. [71] T cell exhaustion can also occur during sepsis as a result of cytokine storm.
Understanding the molecular mechanism of anergy induction in T lymphocytes unveils the intricate interplay of signaling pathways governing immune responses. Upon stimulation, the T cell receptor (TCR) in conjunction with co-stimulatory receptors orchestrates a comprehensive activation of all the T-cell’s signaling pathways, collectively termed full T-cell stimulation.
Interleukin 10 (IL-10) is a protein that inhibits the synthesis of a number of cytokines, including IFN-gamma, IL-2, IL-3, TNF, and GM-CSF produced by activated macrophages and by helper T cells. In structure, IL-10 is a protein of about 160 amino acids that contains four conserved cysteines involved in disulphide bonds. [ 33 ]
Interleukin 21 receptor is a type I cytokine receptor. IL21R is its human gene. [5]The protein encoded by this gene is a cytokine receptor for interleukin 21 (IL21). It belongs to the type I cytokine receptors, and has been shown to form a heterodimeric receptor complex with the common gamma chain (γc), a receptor subunit also shared by the receptors for interleukin 2 (IL2), interleukin 7 ...
Additionally, it has been shown that ICOS induces the secretion of IL-21 cytokine by activated CD4 + T cells and that IL-21 plays a crucial role in the development of T FH cells and germinal centers. [ 8 ] [ 9 ] Also Bcl-6 is a transcription factor identified in T FH cells, but it may have roles that extend beyond this subset, because it has ...