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Translators and scholars have translated the main works attributed to Homer, the Iliad and Odyssey, from the Homeric Greek into English, since the 16th and 17th centuries. Translations are ordered chronologically by date of first publication, with first lines provided to illustrate the style of the translation.
The Iliad is often regarded as the first substantial piece of European literature and is a central part of the Epic Cycle. [ 2 ] Set towards the end of the Trojan War , a ten-year siege of the city of Troy by a coalition of Mycenaean Greek states, the poem depicts significant events in the war's final weeks.
Statius' primary models are Homer and the poems of the Epic Cycle which touch on the life of Achilles. In the opening of the Achilleid, Statius asks that his poem not stop with the death of Hector (nec in Hectore tracto sistere 1.6) as the Iliad does but that it continue through the whole Trojan cycle, invoking these two important models.
The first line of Homer's Iliad provides an example: μῆνιν ἄειδε, θεά, Πηληϊάδεω Ἀχιλῆος mênin áeide, theá, Pēlēïádeō Akhilêos "Sing, goddess, the anger of Peleus’ son Achilles" Dividing the line into metrical units or feet it can be scanned as follows:
Achilles' Wrath is a concert piece by Sean O'Loughlin. [99] Temporary Like Achilles is a song on the 1966 double-album Blonde on Blonde by Bob Dylan; Achilles Last Stand is a song on the 1976 Led Zeppelin album Presence. Achilles, Agony and Ecstasy in Eight Parts is the first song on the 1992 Manowar album The Triumph of Steel.
This line includes a masculine caesura after θεὰ, a natural break that separates the line into two logical parts. Homeric lines more commonly employ feminine caesurae; this preference is observed to an even higher degree among the Alexandrian poets. [3] An example of a feminine caesura is the opening line of the Odyssey:
Example opening lines with invocations: Sing goddess the baneful wrath of Achilles son of Peleus – Iliad 1.1 Muse, tell me in verse of the man of many wiles – Odyssey 1.1 From the Heliconian Muses let us begin to sing – Hesiod, Theogony 1.1 Beginning with thee, Oh Phoebus, I will recount the famous deeds of men of old – Argonautica 1.1
The Ilias Latina is a short Latin hexameter version of the Iliad of Homer that gained popularity in Antiquity and remained popular through the Middle Ages. It was very widely studied and read in Medieval schools as part of the standard Latin educational curriculum. According to Ernest Robert Curtius, it is a "crude condensation", into 1070 ...