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The geometric series on the real line. In mathematics, the infinite series 1 / 2 + 1 / 4 + 1 / 8 + 1 / 16 + ··· is an elementary example of a geometric series that converges absolutely. The sum of the series is 1. In summation notation, this may be expressed as
The formula is a special case of the Euler–Boole summation formula for alternating series, providing yet another example of a convergence acceleration technique that can be applied to the Leibniz series. In 1992, Jonathan Borwein and Mark Limber used the first thousand Euler numbers to calculate π to 5,263 decimal places with the Leibniz ...
An infinite series of any rational function of can be reduced to a finite series of polygamma functions, by use of partial fraction decomposition, [8] as explained here. This fact can also be applied to finite series of rational functions, allowing the result to be computed in constant time even when the series contains a large number of terms.
It repeatedly replaces two numbers by their arithmetic and geometric mean, in order to approximate their arithmetic-geometric mean. The version presented below is also known as the Gauss–Euler , Brent–Salamin (or Salamin–Brent ) algorithm ; [ 1 ] it was independently discovered in 1975 by Richard Brent and Eugene Salamin .
Using the P function mentioned above, the simplest known formula for π is for s = 1, but m > 1. Many now-discovered formulae are known for b as an exponent of 2 or 3 and m as an exponent of 2 or it some other factor-rich value, but where several of the terms of sequence A are zero. The discovery of these formulae involves a computer search for ...
The computation of (1 + iπ / N ) N is displayed as the combined effect of N repeated multiplications in the complex plane, with the final point being the actual value of (1 + iπ / N ) N. It can be seen that as N gets larger (1 + iπ / N ) N approaches a limit of −1. Euler's identity asserts that is
This function is unusual because it actually attains the limiting values of -1 and 1 within a finite range, meaning that its value is constant at -1 for all and at 1 for all . Nonetheless, it is smooth (infinitely differentiable, C ∞ {\displaystyle C^{\infty }} ) everywhere , including at x = ± 1 {\displaystyle x=\pm 1} .
The table below is a brief chronology of computed numerical values of, or bounds on, the mathematical constant pi (π).For more detailed explanations for some of these calculations, see Approximations of π.