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The binary logical operators returned a Boolean value in early versions of JavaScript, but now they return one of the operands instead. The left–operand is returned, if it can be evaluated as : false , in the case of conjunction : ( a && b ), or true , in the case of disjunction : ( a || b ); otherwise the right–operand is returned.
A bitwise AND is a binary operation that takes two equal-length binary representations and performs the logical AND operation on each pair of the corresponding bits. Thus, if both bits in the compared position are 1, the bit in the resulting binary representation is 1 (1 × 1 = 1); otherwise, the result is 0 (1 × 0 = 0 and 0 × 0 = 0).
In JavaScript, there are 7 primitive data types: string, number, bigint, boolean, symbol, undefined, and null. [19] Their values are considered immutable . These are not objects and have no methods or properties ; however, all primitives except undefined and null have object wrappers .
A mask is data that is used for bitwise operations, particularly in a bit field. Using a mask, multiple bits in a Byte, nibble, word (etc.) can be set either on, off or inverted from on to off (or vice versa) in a single bitwise operation. More comprehensive applications of masking, when applied conditionally to operations, are termed predication.
The formal definition of an arithmetic shift, from Federal Standard 1037C is that it is: . A shift, applied to the representation of a number in a fixed radix numeration system and in a fixed-point representation system, and in which only the characters representing the fixed-point part of the number are moved.
and | are bitwise operators that occur in many programming languages. The major difference is that bitwise operations operate on the individual bits of a binary numeral, whereas conditional operators operate on logical operations. Additionally, expressions before and after a bitwise operator are always evaluated.
JavaScript: as of ES2020, BigInt is supported in most browsers; [2] the gwt-math library provides an interface to java.math.BigDecimal, and libraries such as DecimalJS, BigInt and Crunch support arbitrary-precision integers. Julia: the built-in BigFloat and BigInt types provide arbitrary-precision floating point and integer arithmetic respectively.
Perl's Math::BigInt module has a bmodpow() method to perform modular exponentiation; Raku has a built-in routine expmod. Go's big.Int type contains an Exp() (exponentiation) method whose third parameter, if non-nil, is the modulus; PHP's BC Math library has a bcpowmod() function to perform modular exponentiation