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The Standard Model of particle physics is the theory describing three of the four known fundamental forces (electromagnetic, weak and strong interactions – excluding gravity) in the universe and classifying all known elementary particles.
In the Standard Model, vector (spin-1) bosons (gluons, photons, and the W and Z bosons) mediate forces, whereas the Higgs boson (spin-0) is responsible for the intrinsic mass of particles. Bosons differ from fermions in the fact that multiple bosons can occupy the same quantum state (Pauli exclusion principle).
Elementary bosons responsible for the four fundamental forces of nature are called force particles (gauge bosons). The strong interaction is mediated by the gluon, the weak interaction is mediated by the W and Z bosons, electromagnetism by the photon, and gravity by the graviton, which is still hypothetical.
In the very early, very hot moments of the universe, ... Higgs bosons at a high rate. Four possible candidates include CERN’s Future Circular Collider and the Compact Linear Collider (both of ...
As the early universe cooled, these fields split into the long-range electromagnetic interaction, the short-range weak interaction, and the Higgs boson. In the Higgs mechanism, the Higgs field manifests Higgs bosons that
Since bosons have integer spin and fermions odd half-integer spin, any composite particle made up of an even number of fermions is a boson. Composite bosons include: All mesons of every type; Stable nuclei with even mass numbers such as deuterium, helium-4 (the alpha particle), [9] carbon-12, lead-208, and many others. [b]
The fundamental particles in the universe are classified in the Standard Model as fermions (matter particles) and bosons (force-carrying particles). There are three generations of fermions, although ordinary matter is made only from the first fermion generation.
Additionally, we know experimentally that the W and Z bosons are massive, but a boson mass term contains the combination e.g. A μ A μ, which clearly depends on the choice of gauge. Therefore, none of the standard model fermions or bosons can "begin" with mass, but must acquire it by some other mechanism.