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Population figures for the Indigenous peoples of the Americas before European colonization have been difficult to establish. Estimates have varied widely from as low as 8 million to as many as 100 million, though many scholars gravitated toward an estimate of around 50 million by the end of the 20th century. [1] [2]
Map of the Americas showing pre-Clovis settlements. Historically, researchers believed a single theory explained the peopling of the Americas, focusing on findings from Blackwater Draw New Mexico, where human artifacts dated from the last ice age were found alongside the remains of extinct animals in 1930s [31] This led to the widespread belief in the "Clovis-first model," proposing that the ...
Although the exact pre-colonization population count of the Americas is unknown, scholars estimate that Indigenous populations diminished by between 80% and 90% during the first centuries of European colonization. Most scholars estimate a pre-colonization population of around 50 million, with other scholars arguing for an estimate of 100 ...
The Cambeba were a populous, organized society in the late pre-Columbian era whose population suffered a steep decline in the early years of the Columbian Exchange. The Spanish explorer Francisco de Orellana traversed the Amazon River during the 16th century and reported densely populated regions running hundreds of kilometers along the river.
From the 18th through the 19th centuries, the population of Native Americans declined in the following ways: epidemic diseases brought from Europe; violence and warfare, such as the Indian Wars [30] at the hands of European explorers and colonists; displacement from their lands including forced marches such as the Trail of Tears resulted in ...
Map of Y-Chromosome Haplogroups - Dominant haplogroups in pre-colonial populations with proposed migration routes. A "Central Siberian" origin has been postulated for the paternal lineage of the source populations of the original migration into the Americas. [49] Membership in haplogroups Q and C3b implies Indigenous American patrilineal ...
In Russia, definition of "Indigenous peoples" is contested largely referring to a number of population (less than 50,000 people), and neglecting self-identification, origin from indigenous populations who inhabited the country or region upon invasion, colonization or establishment of state frontiers, distinctive social, economic and cultural ...
The Cambridge History of the Native Peoples of the Americas. 2: 1– 43. ISBN 0-521-65204-9. Schryer, Frans S. (2000). "Native Peoples of Colonial Central Mexico since Independence". The Cambridge History of the Native Peoples of the Americas. 2: 223– 273. ISBN 0-521-65204-9. Sharer, Robert J. (2000). "the Maya Highlands and the Adjacent ...