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Both have nuclear spin 3/2+ and thus may be used for nuclear magnetic resonance, although the spin magnitude being greater than 1/2 results in non-spherical nuclear charge distribution and thus resonance broadening as a result of a nonzero nuclear quadrupole moment and resultant quadrupolar relaxation.
Charge number or valence [1] of an ion is the coefficient that, when multiplied by the elementary charge, gives the ion's charge. [2] For example, the charge on a chloride ion, , is , where e is the elementary charge. This means that the charge number for the ion is . is used as the symbol for the charge number.
Charge quantization is the principle that the charge of any object is an integer multiple of the elementary charge. Thus, an object's charge can be exactly 0 e, or exactly 1 e, −1 e, 2 e, etc., but not 1 / 2 e, or −3.8 e, etc. (There may be exceptions to this statement, depending on how "object" is defined; see below.)
When charged particles move in electric and magnetic fields the following two laws apply: Lorentz force law: = (+),; Newton's second law of motion: = =; where F is the force applied to the ion, m is the mass of the particle, a is the acceleration, Q is the electric charge, E is the electric field, and v × B is the cross product of the ion's velocity and the magnetic flux density.
All other isotopes have half-lives under 1 hour, many less than one second. The shortest-lived are proton-unbound 29 Cl and 30 Cl, with half-lives less than 10 picoseconds and 30 nanoseconds, respectively; the half-life of 28 Cl is unknown.
2 Cl − → Cl 2 + 2 e − 2 H 2 O + 2 e − → H 2 + 2 OH − Basic membrane cell used in the electrolysis of brine. At the anode (A), chloride (Cl −) is oxidized to chlorine. The ion-selective membrane (B) allows the counterion Na + to freely flow across, but prevents anions such as hydroxide (OH −) and chloride from diffusing across.
[1] [2] A magnetic monopole would have a net north or south "magnetic charge". Modern interest in the concept stems from particle theories, notably the grand unified and superstring theories, which predict their existence. [3] [4] [full citation needed] The known elementary particles that have electric charge are electric monopoles.
Many of the highly radioactive elements have values that must be predictions or extrapolations, but are unfortunately not marked as such. This is especially problematic for francium, which by relativistic calculations can be shown to be less electronegative than caesium, but for which the only value (0.7) in the literature predates these ...