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"Inherent" or "pronominal" (inherently or essentially) reflexive verbs lack the corresponding non-reflexive from which they can be synchronically derived. [8] In other words, the reflexive pronoun "is an inherent part of an unergative reflexive or reciprocal verb with no meaning of its own, and an obligatory part of the verb's lexical entry": [10]
Reflexivity may be expressed by means of: reflexive pronouns or reflexive verbs. The latter ones may be constructed with the help of reflexive affixes (e.g., in Russian) or reflective particles (e.g., in Polish).
In languages with a distinct reflexive pronoun form, it is often gender-neutral. A reflexive pronoun is normally used when the object of a sentence is the same as the subject. Each personal pronoun (such as I, you, he and she) has its own reflexive form: I — myself; thou — thyself/thyselves (archaic) he — himself; she — herself; it ...
Logical form Example Pronominal form Referential dependency Scenario (set of girls, Anne and Betty) R(x, y) The girls saw her. (regular) pronoun: x≠y (x and y are distinct) A saw someone female, B saw someone female. R(x, x) The girls saw themselves (in the mirror). reflexive pronoun: x=y (x and y are not distinct) A saw A in the mirror, B ...
Most Indo-European languages do not have special reciprocal affixes on verbs, and mutual relations are expressed through reflexive constructions or other mechanisms. For example, Russian reciprocal constructions have the suffix -sja (-ся, 'self'), which also has reflexive and passive interpretations.
Reflexive mediopassive. In Proto-Indo-European and the languages which descend from it, verbs that also had an active form could use the mediopassive in a reflexive sense, e.g. "I wash (myself)". This reflexive sense could also carry a sense of benefaction for the subject, as in the sentence "I sacrificed a goat (for my own benefit)."