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The reaction was an early method for the oxidation of alcohols. Its use has subsided because milder, more selective reagents have been developed, e.g. Collins reagent. [1] The Jones oxidation. Jones reagent is a solution prepared by dissolving chromium trioxide in aqueous sulfuric acid.
This reaction, which was first described in detail by Fournier, [10] [11] is typically carried out by adding KMnO 4 to a solution or suspension of the alcohol in an alkaline aqueous solution. For the reaction to proceed efficiently, the alcohol must be at least partially dissolved in the aqueous solution.
Molecular models of the different molecules active in Piranha solution: peroxysulfuric acid (H 2 SO 5) and hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2). Piranha solution, also known as piranha etch, is a mixture of sulfuric acid (H 2 SO 4) and hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2). The resulting mixture is used to clean organic residues off substrates, for example ...
The completion of the reaction is indicated by the ceasing of the fumes. This method conveniently does not produce an inseparable mist. [citation needed] 3 SO 2 + 2 HNO 3 + 2 H 2 O → 3 H 2 SO 4 + 2 NO. Alternatively, dissolving sulfur dioxide in an aqueous solution of an oxidizing metal salt such as copper(II) or iron(III) chloride: [citation ...
Ethyl sulfate can be produced in a laboratory setting by reacting ethanol with sulfuric acid under a gentle boil, while keeping the reaction below 140 °C. The sulfuric acid must be added dropwise or the reaction must be actively cooled because the reaction itself is highly exothermic. CH 3 CH 2 OH + H 2 SO 4 → CH 3 CH 2 OSO 3 H + H 2 O
In acid catalysis and base catalysis, a chemical reaction is catalyzed by an acid or a base. By Brønsted–Lowry acid–base theory, the acid is the proton (hydrogen ion, H +) donor and the base is the proton acceptor. Typical reactions catalyzed by proton transfer are esterifications and aldol reactions.
The solution is said to be neutral as it is neither acidic nor alkaline. The pH of such a solution is close to a value of 7; the exact pH value is dependent on the temperature of the solution. Neutralization is an exothermic reaction. The standard enthalpy change for the reaction H + + OH − → H 2 O is −57.30 kJ/mol.
This page contains tables of azeotrope data for various binary and ternary mixtures of solvents. The data include the composition of a mixture by weight (in binary azeotropes, when only one fraction is given, it is the fraction of the second component), the boiling point (b.p.) of a component, the boiling point of a mixture, and the specific gravity of the mixture.