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The environmental impact of concrete, its manufacture, and its applications, are complex, driven in part by direct impacts of construction and infrastructure, as well as by CO 2 emissions; between 4-8% of total global CO 2 emissions come from concrete. [1] Many depend on circumstances.
Other damaging processes can also involve calcium leaching by water infiltration, physical phenomena initiating cracks formation and propagation, fire or radiant heat, aggregate expansion, sea water effects, leaching, and erosion by fast-flowing water. [1] The most destructive agent of concrete structures and components is probably water.
Concrete from a building being sent to a portable crusher. This is the first step in recycling concrete. Crushing concrete from an airfield. Concrete recycling is the use of rubble from demolished concrete structures. Recycling is cheaper and more ecological than trucking rubble to a landfill. [1]
Concrete is a composite material composed of aggregate bonded together with a fluid cement that cures to a solid over time. Concrete is the second-most-used substance in the world after water, [1] and is the most widely used building material. [2] Its usage worldwide, ton for ton, is twice that of steel, wood, plastics, and aluminium combined. [3]
Air entrainment in concrete is the intentional creation of tiny air bubbles in a batch by adding an air entraining agent during mixing. A form of surfactant (a surface-active substance that in the instance reduces the surface tension between water and solids) it allows bubbles of a desired size to form.
Modifying the environment to fit the needs of society (as in the built environment) is causing severe effects [3] [4] including global warming, [1] [5] [6] environmental degradation [1] (such as ocean acidification [1] [7]), mass extinction and biodiversity loss, [8] [9] [10] ecological crisis, and ecological collapse.
The environment in which each of the cements is found depends on the pore space available. Cements that are found in phreatic zones include: isopachous, blocky, and syntaxial rim cements. As for calcite cementation, which occurs in meteoric realms (freshwater sources), the cement is produced by the dissolution of less stable aragonite and high ...
Environmental engineering is a professional engineering discipline related to environmental science.It encompasses broad scientific topics like chemistry, biology, ecology, geology, hydraulics, hydrology, microbiology, and mathematics to create solutions that will protect and also improve the health of living organisms and improve the quality of the environment.