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Citric acid is an organic compound with the formula C 6 H 8 O 7. [10] It is a colorless weak organic acid. [10] It occurs naturally in citrus fruits.In biochemistry, it is an intermediate in the citric acid cycle, which occurs in the metabolism of all aerobic organisms.
Numerous organic compounds have other common names, often originating in historical source material thereof. The systematic IUPAC name is not always the preferred IUPAC name , for example, lactic acid is a common, and also the preferred, name for what systematic rules call 2-hydroxypropanoic acid.
An organic acid is an organic compound with acidic properties. The most common organic acids are the carboxylic acids, whose acidity is associated with their carboxyl group –COOH. Sulfonic acids, containing the group –SO 2 OH, are relatively stronger acids. Alcohols, with –OH, can act as acids but they are usually very weak.
α-Hydroxy acids, such as glycolic acid, lactic acid, citric acid, and mandelic acid, serve as precursors in organic synthesis, playing a role in the industrial-scale preparation of various compounds. [14] [18] These acids are used when synthesizing aldehydes through oxidative cleavage.
In the case of citric acid, the overlap is extensive and solutions of citric acid are buffered over the whole range of pH 2.5 to 7.5. Calculation of the pH with a polyprotic acid requires a speciation calculation to be performed. In the case of citric acid, this entails the solution of the two equations of mass balance:
In organic chemistry and biochemistry, important examples include amino acids and derivatives of citric acid. Although an amphiprotic species must be amphoteric, the converse is not true. For example, a metal oxide such as zinc oxide , ZnO, contains no hydrogen and so cannot donate a proton.
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For organic compounds containing heteroatoms (other than C and H), the list of unsaturated groups is long but some common types are: carbonyl , e.g. ketones , aldehydes , esters , carboxylic acids (unsaturated) vs alcohol or ether (saturated)