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2. passwd - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passwd

   The /etc/passwd file typically has file system permissions that allow it to be readable by all users of the system (world-readable), although it may only be modified by the superuser or by using a few special purpose privileged commands. The /etc/passwd file is a text file with one record per line, each describing a user account.

3. Salt (cryptography) - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salt_(cryptography)

   Earlier versions of Unix used a password file /etc/passwd to store the hashes of salted passwords (passwords prefixed with two-character random salts). In these older versions of Unix, the salt was also stored in the passwd file (as cleartext) together with the hash of the salted password.

4. Directory traversal attack - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Directory_traversal_attack

   Unix /etc/passwd is a common file used to demonstrate directory traversal, as it is often used by crackers to try cracking the passwords. However, in more recent Unix systems, the /etc/passwd file does not contain the hashed passwords, and they are instead located in the /etc/shadow file, which cannot be read by unprivileged users on the ...

5. Gecos field - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gecos_field

   The gecos field, or GECOS field, is a field in each record in the /etc/passwd file on Unix and similar operating systems.On UNIX, it is the 5th of 7 fields in a record. It is typically used to record general information about the account or its user(s) such as their real name and phone number.

6. Password cracking - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Password_cracking

   For example, on the Unix operating system, hashed passwords were originally stored in a publicly accessible file /etc/passwd. On modern Unix (and similar) systems, on the other hand, they are stored in the shadow password file /etc/shadow, which is accessible only to programs running with enhanced privileges (i.e., "system" privileges). This ...

7. Capability-based security - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capability-based_security

   /etc/passwd Although this identifies a unique object on the system, it does not specify access rights and hence is not a capability. Suppose there is instead the following pair of values: /etc/passwd O_RDWR This pair identifies an object along with a set of access rights.