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Shoulder surgery is a means of treating injured shoulders. Many surgeries have been developed to repair the muscles, connective tissue, or damaged joints that can arise from traumatic or overuse injuries to the shoulder.
Besides not wanting to risk the usual risks of surgery such as infection, shoulder replacement can lead to a variety of complications including rotator cuff tear and glenohumeral instability. However, despite these risks, shoulder replacement shows promise with a low rate of complication which depending on the type of surgery is close to 5%. [ 20 ]
Chauffeur's fracture, also known as Hutchinson fracture, is a type of intraarticular oblique fracture of the radial styloid process in the forearm. [1] The injury is typically caused by compression of the scaphoid bone of the hand against the styloid process of the distal radius. It can be caused by falling onto an outstretched hand.
De Quervain syndrome causes pain over the styloid process of the radius. [3] [4] This is due to the passage of the inflamed extensor pollicis brevis tendon and abductor pollicis longus tendon around it. [4] [5] The styloid process of the radius is a useful landmark during arthroscopic resection of the scaphoid bone. [6]
As reverse shoulder replacement has become more popular, the indications have expanded to include shoulder “pseudoparalysis” due to massive rotator cuff tears, shoulder fractures, severe bone loss on the scapula or humerus precluding the use of standard implants and failed prior shoulder replacement procedures. [6]
Proximal humerus fractures account for approximately 4-7% of all fractures in adults. [11] [8] It is the most common fracture of the humerus, as well as the most common fracture at the shoulder girdle. [11] [8] They are more common in women than men, and occur more often in older adults.
Rotator cuff tendinopathy is a process of senescence. The pathophysiology is mucoid degeneration. [4] Most people develop rotator cuff tendinopathy within their lifetime. [5] As part of rotator cuff tendinopathy, the tendon can thin and develop a defect. This defect is often referred to as a rotator cuff tear.
The primary cause of shoulder pain is a rotator cuff tear. [20] The supraspinatus is most commonly involved in a rotator cuff tear, [22] but other parts of the rotator cuff may also be involved. There are different severities of a rotator cuff tear, which range from a partial tear to a full-thickness tear. [23]