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The actual concentration of NAD + in cell cytosol is harder to measure, with recent estimates in animal cells ranging around 0.3 mM, [18] [19] and approximately 1.0 to 2.0 mM in yeast. [20] However, more than 80% of NADH fluorescence in mitochondria is from bound form, so the concentration in solution is much lower. [21]
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate, abbreviated NADP [1] [2] or, in older notation, TPN (triphosphopyridine nucleotide), is a cofactor used in anabolic reactions, such as the Calvin cycle and lipid and nucleic acid syntheses, which require NADPH as a reducing agent ('hydrogen source').
In living cells, DNP acts as a protonophore, an agent that can shuttle protons (hydrogen cations) across biological membranes. It dissipates the proton gradient across the mitochondrial membrane , collapsing the proton motive force that the cell uses to produce most of its ATP chemical energy.
Bacteria, fungi and plants can produce riboflavin, but other eukaryotes, such as humans, have lost the ability to make it. [9] Therefore, humans must obtain riboflavin, also known as vitamin B2, from dietary sources. [14] Riboflavin is generally ingested in the small intestine and then transported to cells via carrier proteins. [9]
Flavin mononucleotide (FMN), or riboflavin-5′-phosphate, is a biomolecule produced from riboflavin (vitamin B 2) by the enzyme riboflavin kinase and functions as the prosthetic group of various oxidoreductases, including NADH dehydrogenase, as well as a cofactor in biological blue-light photo receptors. [1]
Coenzyme Q 10 (CoQ 10 / ˌ k oʊ k j uː ˈ t ɛ n /), also known as ubiquinone, is a naturally occurring biochemical cofactor (coenzyme) and an antioxidant produced by the human body. [1] [2] [3] It can also be obtained from dietary sources, such as meat, fish, seed oils, vegetables, and dietary supplements.