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Figure 2. Showing two closed contour lines meeting at Peak A's key col. Also known as prominence island parentage, this is defined as follows. In Figure 2 the key col of peak A is at the meeting place of two closed contours, one encircling A (and no higher peaks) and the other containing at least one higher peak.
Mountain formation occurs due to a variety of geological processes associated with large-scale movements of the Earth's crust (tectonic plates). [1] Folding , faulting , volcanic activity , igneous intrusion and metamorphism can all be parts of the orogenic process of mountain building. [ 2 ]
With crustal extension, a series of normal faults which occur in groups, form in close proximity and dipping in opposite directions. [4] As the crust extends it fractures in series of fault planes, some blocks sink down due to gravity, creating long linear valleys or basins also known as grabens, while the blocks remaining up or uplifted produce mountains or ranges, also known as horsts.
Massif – The principal mass of a mountain; Meander – One of a series of curves in a channel of a matured stream; Mesa – Elevated area of land with a flat top and sides, usually much wider than buttes; Mid-ocean ridge – Basaltic underwater mountain system formed by plate tectonic spreading
The processes in any one Earth system may occur diachronously (at different times in different locations) along the length of mountain belt. [4] Therefore, the influence of these processes on other Earth systems along mountain belts will also vary along the length of the mountain belt.
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A foreland basin is a structural basin that develops adjacent and parallel to a mountain belt. Foreland basins form because the immense mass created by crustal thickening associated with the evolution of a mountain belt causes the lithosphere to bend, by a process known as lithospheric flexure.
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